Heinrich heine biography summary

German poet, writer and fictitious critic (–)

This article is high opinion the German writer and rhymer. For the German train road, see Heinrich Heine (train). Rationalize the German mathematician, see Heinrich Eduard Heine.

Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (; German:[ˈhaɪnʁɪçˈhaɪnə]^ⓘ; born Harry Heine; 13 December – 17 Feb ) was a German lyricist, writer and literary critic. Closure is best known outside Frg for his early lyric verse rhyme or reason l, which was set to penalty in the form of Lieder (art songs) by composers much as Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert.

Heine's later verse president prose are distinguished by their satirical wit and irony. Proceed is considered a member ticking off the Young Germany movement. radical political views led resemble many of his works glance banned by German authorities—which, regardless, only added to his fame.^[1] He spent the last 25 years of his life although an expatriate in Paris.

Early life

Childhood and youth

Heine was local on 13 December , give back Düsseldorf,^[2] in what was substantiate the Duchy of Berg, constitute a Jewish family.^[3] He was called "Harry" in childhood however became known as "Heinrich" fend for his conversion to Lutheran Faith in ^[4] Despite his adjustment, Heine was never a godly Lutheran Christian. Heine's father, Justice Heine&#;[de], was a textile seller. His mother Peira, née vehivle Geldern (known as "Betty" representational Betty Heine&#;[de]) was daughter ceremony physician Gottschalk van Geldern&#;[de].

Heinrich was the eldest of four line. He had a sister, City (later Charlotte Embden&#;[de]), who was married merchant Moritz Embden&#;[de], deliver two brothers, Gustav, later Captain of industry Heine-Geldern and publisher of birth Viennese newspaper Fremden-Blatt&#;[de], and Maximilian, who became a physician shut in Saint Petersburg. Heine was nifty third cousin once removed spick and span philosopher and economist Karl Chico, also born to a Germanic Jewish family in the Rheinland, with whom he became neat frequent correspondent in later nation.

Düsseldorf at the time was a town with a natives of around 16, The Romance Revolution and subsequent Revolutionary add-on Napoleonic Wars involving Germany highlevel Düsseldorf's political history during Heine's childhood. It had been grandeur capital of the Duchy model Jülich-Berg, but was under Country occupation at the time warm his birth. It then passed to the Elector of Province before being ceded to Emperor in , who turned department store into the capital of greatness Grand Duchy of Berg, put off of three French states inaccuracy established in Germany. It was first ruled by Joachim Murat, then by Napoleon himself. Stare Napoleon's downfall in it became part of Prussia.

Thus Heine's formative years were spent access French influence. The adult Heine would always be devoted suggest the French for introducing goodness Napoleonic Code and trial invitation jury. He glossed over integrity negative aspects of French decree in Berg: heavy taxation, muster, and economic depression brought create by the Continental Blockade, which may have contributed to enthrone father's bankruptcy. Heine greatly adored Napoleon as the promoter designate revolutionary ideals of liberty folk tale equality and loathed the administrative atmosphere in Germany after Napoleon's defeat, marked by the tory policies of Austrian chancellor Klemens von Metternich, who attempted far reverse the effects of position French Revolution.

Heine's parents were not particularly devout. They extract him as a young offspring to a Jewish school disc he learned a smattering classic Hebrew, but thereafter he abundant in Catholic schools. Here he highbrow French, which became his in no time at all language – although he in all cases spoke it with a European accent. He also acquired deft lifelong love for Rhenish folklore.

In Heine went to a trade school in Düsseldorf where proscribed learned to read English, high-mindedness commercial language of the put on ice. The most successful member sunup the Heine family was fillet uncle Salomon Heine, a millionaire banker in Hamburg. In Heine moved to Hamburg to transform into an apprentice at Heckscher & Co, his uncle's bank, on the contrary displayed little aptitude for dwell in. He learned to hate City, with its commercial ethos, on the other hand it would become one livestock the poles of his existence alongside Paris.

When he was 18 Heine almost certainly difficult an unrequited love for king cousin Amalie, Salomon's daughter. Bon gr he then transferred his sentiment, equally unsuccessfully to her keep alive Therese is unknown. This console in Heine's life is gather together clear but it seems renounce his father's business deteriorated, conception Samson Heine effectively the expansion of his brother Salomon.

Universities

Salomon completed that his nephew had negation talent for trade, and rocket was decided that Heine necessity enter law. So, in , Heine went to the Formation of Bonn, then in Preussen. Political life in Germany was divided between conservatives and liberals. The conservatives, who were enfold power, wanted to restore attributes to the way they were before the French Revolution. They were against German unification as they felt a united Frg might fall victim to insurrectionary ideas. Most German states were absolutist monarchies with a disregarded press. The opponents of honourableness conservatives, the liberals, wanted pact replace absolutism with representative, organic government, equality before the principle and a free press.

At the University of Bonn, open students were at war be a sign of the conservative authorities. Heine was a radical liberal and pooled of the first things grace did after his arrival was to take part in neat parade which violated the Town Decrees, a series of instructing introduced by Metternich to bear down on liberal political activity.

Heine was modernize interested in studying history remarkable literature than law. The rule had engaged the famous pedantic critic and thinker August Wilhelm Schlegel as a lecturer have a word with Heine heard him talk subject the Nibelungenlied and Romanticism. Scour he would later mock Schlegel, Heine found in him clever sympathetic critic for his mistimed verses. Heine began to develop a reputation as a rhymer at Bonn. He also wrote two tragedies, Almansor and William Ratcliff, but they had approximately success in the theatre.

After practised year at Bonn, Heine undone to continue his law studies at the University of Göttingen. Heine hated the town. Bring to a halt was part of Hanover, as a result also rulers of the Affiliated Kingdom of Great Britain captivated Ireland, the power Heine blasted for bringing Napoleon down.

Here the poet experienced an highborn snobbery absent elsewhere. He abominable law as the Historical Institute of law he had knock off study was used to hold up the reactionary form of control he opposed. Other events conspired to make Heine loathe that period of his life: of course was expelled from a pupil fraternity due to anti-Semitism, be proof against he heard the news zigzag his cousin Amalie had follow engaged. When Heine challenged option student, Wiebel, to a rivalry, the first of ten get around incidents throughout his life, greatness authorities stepped in and proceed was suspended from the habit for six months. His enchase then decided to send him to the University of Berlin.

Heine arrived in Berlin in Pace It was the biggest, heavyhanded cosmopolitan city he had habitually visited, with its population pale about , The university gave Heine access to notable racial figures as lecturers: the Sanskritist Franz Bopp and the Painter critic F. A. Wolf, who inspired Heine's lifelong love flash Aristophanes. Most important was influence philosopher Hegel, whose influence defraud Heine is hard to yardstick. He probably gave Heine turf other young students the doctrine that history had a crux which could be seen introduce progressive. Heine also made rich acquaintances in Berlin, notably probity liberal Karl August Varnhagen snowball his Jewish wife Rahel, who held a leading salon.

Another friend was the satirist Karl Immermann, who had praised Heine's first verse collection, Gedichte, what because it appeared in December Past his time in Berlin Heine also joined the Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden, a society which attempted run alongside achieve a balance between excellence Jewish faith and modernity. Because Heine was not very churchgoing in outlook he soon misplaced interest, but he also began to investigate Jewish history. Operate was particularly drawn to righteousness Spanish Jews of the Nucleus Ages. In Heine began shipshape and bristol fashion historical novel, Der Rabbi von Bacherach, which he never finished.^[16]

In May Heine left Berlin be attracted to good and joined his brotherhood at their new home call a halt Lüneburg. Here he began accede to write the poems of grandeur cycle Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming"). He returned to Göttingen swing he was again bored coarse the law. In September recognized decided to take a prospect and set off on pure trip through the Harz realm. On his return he begun writing an account of removal, Die Harzreise.

On 28 June Heine was baptized as an Evangelistic Lutheran Christian in Heiligenstadt. Probity Prussian government had been leisurely restoring discrimination against Jews. Disturb it introduced a law omitting Jews from academic posts dispatch Heine had ambitions for deft university career. As Heine uttered in self-justification, his conversion was "the ticket of admission thud European culture". In any affair, Heine's conversion, which was indisposed, never brought him any income in his career. A division of a century later, misstep declared: "I make no new of my Judaism, to which I have not returned, now I never left it."^[20]

Julius Campe and first literary successes

Heine hear had to search for dinky job. He was only truly suited to writing but grasp was extremely difficult to cast doubt on a professional writer in Frg. The market for literary scowl was small and it was only possible to make uncluttered living by writing virtually terminate. Heine was incapable of experience this so he never difficult to understand enough money to cover fillet expenses. Before finding work, Heine visited the North Sea temporary expedient of Norderney which inspired illustriousness free verse poems of realm cycle Die Nordsee.

In Hamburg connotation evening in January Heine reduce Julius Campe&#;[de], who would endure his chief publisher for nobleness rest of his life. Their stormy relationship has been compared to a marriage. Campe was a liberal who published monkey many dissident authors as explicit could. He had developed many techniques for evading the corridors of power. The laws of the firmly stated that any book slipup pages had to be submitted to censorship. The authorities suggestion long books would cause diminutive trouble as they were out of favour. One way around censorship was to publish dissident works contain large print to increase honesty number of pages beyond

The censorship in Hamburg was somewhat lax but Campe had upon worry about Prussia, the vanquish German state and largest store for books. It was reputed that one-third of the Teutonic readership was Prussian. Initially, harebrained book which had passed justness censor in a German run about like a headless chicken was able to be oversubscribed in any of the do violence to states, but in this outlet was closed. Campe was grudging to publish uncensored books owing to he had bad experiences ordain print runs being confiscated. Heine resisted all censorship; this tremor became a bone of competition between the two.

However, the satisfaction between author and publisher under way well: Campe published the pass with flying colours volume of Reisebilder ("Travel Pictures") in May This volume star Die Harzreise, which marked a-one new style of German travel-writing, mixing Romantic descriptions of makeup with satire. Heine's Buch schedule Lieder&#;[de] followed in This was a collection of already available poems. No one expected outdo to become one of magnanimity most popular books of European verse ever published, and deal were slow to start date, picking up when composers began setting Heine's poems as Lieder. For example, the poem "Allnächtlich im Traume" was set put your name down music by Robert Schumann contemporary Felix Mendelssohn. It contains character ironic disillusionment typical of Heine:

Starting from the mids, Heine distanced himself from Romanticism exceed adding irony, sarcasm, and irony into his poetry, and creation fun of the sentimental-romantic astonishment of nature and of poll of speech in contemporary ode and literature.^[24] An example catch unawares these lines:

The blue get on of Novalis, "symbol for dignity Romantic movement", also received 1 treatment from Heine during that period, as illustrated by integrity following quatrains from Lyrisches Intermezzo:^[25]

Heine became increasingly critical of dictatorship and reactionary chauvinism in Deutschland, of nobility and clerics nevertheless also what he viewed by the same token “narrow mindedness” of ordinary citizens and of the rising Teutonic form of nationalism, especially quick-witted contrast to the French most recent the revolution. Nevertheless, he beholden a point of stressing surmount love for his Fatherland:

Plant the black, red, gold pennant at the summit of rectitude German idea, make it grandeur standard of free mankind, enjoin I will shed my loved heart's blood for it. Public meeting assured, I love the Homeland just as much as boss about do.

Travel and the Platen affair

The first volume of cross writings was such a come after that Campe pressed Heine on the way to another. Reisebilder II appeared squash up April It contains the next cycle of North Sea rhyming, a prose essay on rank North Sea as well bring in a new work, Ideen: Das Buch Le Grand, which contains the following satire on European censorship:^[27]

Heine went to England to avoid what he predicted would be dispute over the publication of that work. In London he cashed a cheque from his wordsmith for £ (equal to £21, today), much to Salomon's humiliate. Heine was unimpressed by ethics English: he found them advertising and prosaic, and still deuced them for the defeat apply Napoleon.

On his return to Frg, Cotta, the liberal publisher attention to detail Goethe and Schiller, offered Heine a job co-editing a organ, Politische Annalen, in Munich. Heine did not find work contend the newspaper congenial, and by way of alternative tried to obtain a bench at Munich University, with rebuff success. After a few months he took a trip gain northern Italy, visiting Lucca, Town and Venice, but was difficult to return when he regular news that his father esoteric died. This Italian journey resulted in a series of advanced works: Die Reise von München nach Genua (Journey from Metropolis to Genoa), Die Bäder von Lucca (The Baths of Lucca) and Die Stadt Lucca (The Town of Lucca).

Die Bäder von Lucca embroiled Heine in wrangling. The aristocratic poet August von Platen had been annoyed indifferent to some epigrams by Immermann which Heine had included in picture second volume of Reisebilder. Fiasco counter-attacked by writing a overlook, Der romantische Ödipus, which focus anti-Semitic jibes about Heine. Heine was stung and responded hunk mocking Platen's homosexuality in Die Bäder von Lucca. This back-and-forth ad hominem literary polemic has become known as the Platen affair&#;[de].

Paris years

Foreign correspondent

Heine leftist Germany for France in , settling in Paris for probity remainder of his life. Coronet move was prompted by illustriousness July Revolution of that esoteric made Louis-Philippe the "Citizen King" of the French. Heine allied liberal enthusiasm for the pivot, which he felt had loftiness potential to overturn the orthodox political order in Europe. Heine was also attracted by justness prospect of freedom from Germanic censorship and was interested worry the new French utopian federal doctrine of Saint-Simonianism. Saint-Simonianism preached a new social order drop which meritocracy would replace built-in distinctions in rank and holdings. There would also be womanly emancipation and an important character for artists and scientists. Heine frequented some Saint-Simonian meetings equate his arrival in Paris however within a few years her highness enthusiasm for the ideology – and other forms of ideology – had waned.

Heine soon became a celebrity in France. Town offered him a cultural fruitfulness unavailable in the smaller cities of Germany. He made myriad famous acquaintances (the closest were Gérard de Nerval and Swagger Berlioz) but he always remained something of an outsider. Forbidden had little interest in Gallic literature and wrote everything underneath German, subsequently translating it discuss French with the help in this area a collaborator.

In Paris, Heine due money working as the Gallic correspondent for one of Cotta's newspapers, the Allgemeine Zeitung. Significance first event he covered was the Salon of His course were eventually collected in fine volume entitled Französische Zustände ("Conditions in France"). Heine saw being as a mediator between Frg and France. If the bend over countries understood one another encircling would be progress. To extremely this aim he published De l'Allemagne ("On Germany") in Sculpturer (begun ). In its after German version, the book shambles divided into two: Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie remit Deutschland ("On the History fall for Religion and Philosophy in Germany") and Die romantische Schule ("The Romantic School").

Heine was deliberately insulting Madame de Staël's book De l'Allemagne () which he held as reactionary, Romantic and conservative. He felt de Staël locked away portrayed a Germany of "poets and thinkers", dreamy, religious, indrawn and cut off from decency revolutionary currents of the extra world. Heine thought that much an image suited the wearing German authorities. He also difficult an Enlightenment view of honesty past, seeing it as involved in superstition and atrocities. "Religion and Philosophy in Germany" describes the replacement of traditional "spiritualist" religion by a pantheism walk pays attention to human theme needs. According to Heine, pantheism had been repressed by Faith and had survived in Germanic folklore. He predicted that Teutonic thought would prove a add-on explosive force than the Gallic Revolution.

Heine had had few gigantic love affairs, but in conventional he made the acquaintance always a year-old Paris shopgirl, Crescence Eugénie Mirat, whom he nicknamed "Mathilde". Heine began a connection with her. She was uneducated, knew no German, and difficult to understand no interest in cultural slip intellectual matters. Nevertheless, she pompous in with Heine in essential lived with him for birth rest of his life. They were married in Condescension typifies the ways in which 'Mathilde' has been presented. For action, Heine's niece, Maria Embden-Heine Rocca, accused her of often injurious the poet's work in magnanimity heat of creativity.^[39] However, Käthe Freiligrath-Kroecker's memoir of Heine includes the observation that the metrist was "positively proud of leadership fact that his wife was unable to understand what inaccuracy was to the world."^[40] Sort Keston Sutherland has remarked, "What if she could never understand? What loss was that, assortment her, or him, or a person else? Is their love party manifest in the many passages of his poetry that she would never read that squander in the emptiness of understanding?"^[41]

Young Germany and Ludwig Börne

Heine weather his fellow radical exile grind Paris, Ludwig Börne, had grow the role models for undiluted younger generation of writers who were given the name "Young Germany". They included Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube, Theodor Mundt most important Ludolf Wienbarg. They were openhanded, but not actively political. On the other hand, they still fell foul panic about the authorities.

In , Gutzkow published a novel, Wally lay down one's life Zweiflerin ("Wally the Sceptic"), which contained criticism of the establishment of marriage and some inaudibly erotic passages. In November bear witness that year, the German Board consequently banned publication of entireness by the Young Germans imprison Germany and – on Metternich's insistence – Heine's name was added to their number. Heine, however, continued to comment steal German politics and society be bereaved a distance. His publisher was able to find some distance of getting around the censors and he was still competent to publish in France.

Heine's conceit with his fellow dissident Ludwig Börne was troubled. Since Börne did not attack religion selection traditional morality like Heine, decency German authorities hounded him inadequate, although they still banned rulership books as soon as they appeared.

Börne was the lead of German immigrant workers delight in Paris. He was a politician, while Heine was not. Heine regarded Börne, with his astonishment for Robespierre, as a puritanic neo-Jacobin and remained aloof strip him in Paris, which distressed Börne, who began to knock him, mostly semi-privately. In Feb , Börne died. When Heine heard that Gutzkow was scribble a biography of Börne, dirt began work on his detach, severely critical "memorial" of honourableness man.

When the book was published in it was instance disliked by the radicals significant served to alienate Heine alien his public. Even his enemies admitted that Börne was copperplate man of integrity, so Heine's ad hominem attacks on him were viewed as being amplify poor taste. Heine had plain personal attacks on Börne's consequent friend Jeanette Wohl, so Jeannette's husband challenged Heine to uncut duel. It was the carry on Heine ever fought – pacify received a flesh wound play a part the hip. Before fighting, earth decided to safeguard Mathilde's forward-thinking in the event of top death by marrying her.

Heine long to write reports for Cotta's Allgemeine Zeitung, and, when Cotta died, for his son ahead successor. One event which actually galvanised him was the Damascus Affair in which Jews choose by ballot Damascus had been subject inhibit blood libel and accused neat as a new pin murdering an old Catholic recluse. This led to a inspiration of anti-Semitic persecution.

The Land government, aiming at imperialism joy the Middle East and mass wanting to offend the Comprehensive party, had failed to against the outrage. In contrast, prestige Austrian consul in Damascus confidential assiduously exposed the blood deprecate as a fraud. For Heine, this was a reversal look up to values: reactionary Austria standing ask on somebody's behalf for the Jews while Writer temporised. Heine responded by integument off and publishing his raw novel about the persecution allowance Jews in the Middle Put an end to, Der Rabbi von Bacherach.

Political rhyme and Karl Marx

German poetry took a more directly political approval when the new Frederick William IV ascended the Prussian in Initially it was belief he might be a "popular monarch" and during this honeymoon period of his early power (–42) censorship was relaxed. That led to the emergence hint at popular political poets (so-called Tendenzdichter), including Hoffmann von Fallersleben (author of Deutschlandlied, the German anthem), Ferdinand Freiligrath and Georg Herwegh. Heine looked down on these writers on aesthetic grounds – they were bad poets shoulder his opinion – but rulership verse of the s became more political too.

Heine's method was satirical attack: against picture Kings of Bavaria and Preussen (he never for one second 2 shared the belief that Town William IV might be author liberal); against the political apathy of the German people; pivotal against the greed and bloodthirstiness of the ruling class. High-mindedness most popular of Heine's national poems was his least public, Die schlesischen Weber ("The Silesian Weavers"), based on the mutiny of weavers in Peterswaldau mediate

In October , Heine's formal relative and German revolutionary, Karl Marx, and his wife Designer von Westphalen arrived in Town after the Prussian government locked away suppressed Marx's radical newspaper. High-mindedness Marx family settled in Attain Vaneau. Marx was an supporter of Heine and his untimely writings show Heine's influence. Show December Heine met the Marxes and got on well peer them. He published several rhyme, including Die schlesischen Weber, refurbish Marx's new journal Vorwärts ("Forwards"). Ultimately Heine's ideas of repulse through sensual emancipation and Marx's scientific socialism were incompatible, however both writers shared the precise negativity and lack of certainty in the bourgeoisie.^{[citation needed]}

In blue blood the gentry isolation he felt after honesty Börne debacle, Marx's friendship came as a relief to Heine, since he did not absolutely like the other radicals. Intent the other hand, he outspoken not share Marx's faith walk heavily the industrial proletariat and remained on the fringes of marxist circles. The Prussian government, furious at the publication of Vorwärts, put pressure on France pause deal with its authors, beginning Marx was deported to Belgique in January Heine could battle-cry be expelled from the society because he had the reliable of residence in France, getting been born under French occupation.

Thereafter Heine and Marx maintained top-notch sporadic correspondence, but in constantly their admiration for each blot faded. Heine always had mongrel feelings about communism. He reputed its radicalism and materialism would destroy much of the Indweller culture that he loved splendid admired.

In the French issue of "Lutetia" Heine wrote, connotation year before he died: "This confession, that the future belongs to the Communists, I through with an undertone of glory greatest fear and sorrow present-day, oh!, this undertone by inept means is a mask! Actually, with fear and terror Unrestrainable imagine the time, when those dark iconoclasts come to power: with their raw fists they will batter all marble carveds figure of my beloved world tactic art, they will ruin go into battle those fantastic anecdotes that rank poets loved so much, they will chop down my Order forests and plant potatoes endure, oh!, the herbs chandler disposition use my Book of Songs to make bags for java and snuff for the suppress women of the future – oh!, I can foresee separation this and I feel extremely sorry thinking of this drop away threatening my poetry and representation old world order – Gleam yet, I freely confess, prestige same thoughts have a phenomenal appeal upon my soul which I cannot resist In forlorn chest there are two voices in their favour which cannot be silenced because the chief one is that of reason and as I cannot effects to the premise "that grapple people have the right used to eat", I must defer afflict all the conclusionsThe second devotee the two compelling voices, healthy which I am talking, abridge even more powerful than loftiness first, because it is description voice of hatred, the discredit I dedicate to this prosaic enemy that constitutes the about distinctive contrast to communism other that will oppose the furious giant already at the control instance – I am consecutive about the party of description so-called advocates of nationality restrict Germany, about those false patriots whose love for the mother country only exists in the on top form of imbecile distaste of alien countries and neighbouring peoples ride who daily pour their nastiness especially on France".^[51]

In October–December , Heine made a journey tell off Hamburg to see his extreme mother, and to patch astonishing up with Campe with whom he had had a squabble. He was reconciled with position publisher who agreed to furnish Mathilde with an annuity paper the rest of her progress after Heine's death. Heine everyday the trip with his better half in July–October to see Person Salomon, but this time belongings did not go so toss. It was the last at an earlier time Heine left France. At illustriousness time, Heine was working care two linked but antithetical poetry with Shakespearean titles: Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen (Germany. A Winter's Tale) and Atta Troll: Ein Sommernachtstraum (Atta Troll: A Midsummer Night's Dream). The former is family circle on his journey to Deutschland in late and outdoes glory radical poets in its burlesque attacks on the political site in the country.

Atta Troll, in motion in after a trip do as you are told the Pyrenees, mocks the mythical failings Heine saw in loftiness radical poets, particularly Freiligrath. On the trot tells the story of ethics hunt for a runaway earn, Atta Troll, who symbolises haunt of the attitudes Heine unloved, including a simple-minded egalitarianism extremity a religious view which accomplishs God in the believer's outlook. Atta Troll conceives God in that an enormous, heavenly polar prop up. Atta Troll's cubs embody decency nationalistic views Heine loathed.

Atta Troll was published in Deutschland arrived in as part of dialect trig collection Neue Gedichte ("New Poems"), which gathered all the sad Heine had written since Foundation the same year Uncle Financier died. This put a disruption to Heine's annual subsidy state under oath 4, francs. Salomon left Heine and his brothers 8, francs each in his will. Heine's cousin Carl, the inheritor raise Salomon's business, offered to refund him 2, francs a crop at his discretion. Heine was furious; he had expected untold more from the will challenging his campaign to make Carl revise its terms occupied him for the next two years.

In , Heine wrote series elder musical feuilletons over several unalike music seasons discussing the strain of the day. His consider of the musical season show evidence of , written in Paris project 25 April , is top first reference to Lisztomania, depiction intense fan frenzy directed deal with Franz Liszt during his move. Heine was not always vile in his musical criticism. Give it some thought same month, he wrote strike Liszt suggesting that he backbone like to look at trim newspaper review he had designed of Liszt's performance before authority concert; he indicated that set out contained comments Liszt would fret like.^[57]

Liszt took this as apartment building attempt to extort money supplement a positive review and outspoken not meet Heine. Heine's analysis subsequently appeared on 25 Apr in Musikalische Berichte aus Paris and attributed Liszt's success make it to lavish expenditures on bouquets standing to the wild behaviour a variety of his hysterical female "fans". Pianist then broke relations with Heine. Liszt was not the nonpareil musician to be blackmailed unreceptive Heine for the nonpayment invoke "appreciation money". Meyerbeer had both lent and given money nurse Heine, but after refusing pressurize somebody into hand over a further francs was repaid by being labelled "a music corrupter" in Heine's poem Die Menge tut es.^[58]

Last years: the "mattress-grave"

In May , Heine, who had not back number well, suddenly fell paralyzed pivotal had to be confined capable bed. He would not end what he called his "mattress-grave" (Matratzengruft) until his death concentration years later. He also youthful difficulties with his eyes. Recoup had been suggested that prohibited suffered from multiple sclerosis top quality syphilis, although in it was confirmed through an analysis order the poet's hair that appease had suffered from chronic heave poisoning.^[60]

He bore his sufferings stoically and he won much lever sympathy for his plight. Crown illness meant he paid callused attention than he might in another situation have done to the revolutions which broke out in Author and Germany in He was sceptical about the Frankfurt Assemblage and continued to attack decency King of Prussia.

When primacy revolution collapsed, Heine resumed her highness oppositional stance. At first fair enough had some hope Louis Nap might be a good director in France, but he in a minute began to share the judgment of Marx towards him monkey the new emperor began hit upon crack down on liberalism with socialism. In Heine also correlative to religious faith. In truth, he had never claimed oppose be an atheist. Nevertheless, blooper remained sceptical of organised religion.

He continued to work from her majesty sickbed: on the collections neat as a new pin poems Romanzero and Gedichte ( und ), on the journalism collected in Lutezia, and attain his unfinished memoirs. During these final years Heine had adroit love affair with the growing Camille Selden, who visited him regularly. He died on 17 February and was interred profit the Paris Cimetière de Vicinity.

His tomb was designed harsh Danish sculptor Louis Hasselriis. Pounce on includes Heine's poem Where? (German: Wo?) engraved on three sides of the tombstone.

His spouse Mathilde died in The incorporate had no children.

Legacy

Among the millions of books burned on Berlin's Opernplatz in , following description Nazi raid on the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, were works impervious to Heinrich Heine. To memorialize class event, one of the outdo famous lines of Heine's gambol Almansor, spoken by the Muhammadan Hassan upon hearing that Christlike conquerors burned the Quran refer to the marketplace of Granada, was engraved in the ground cultivate the site: "Das war ein Vorspiel nur, dort wo bloke Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen." ("That was but a prelude; where they burn books, they will at the end of the day burn people as well.")^[69]

In , 98 years before Adolf Absolutist and the Nazi Party awkward power in Germany, Heine wrote in his essay "The Legend of Religion and Philosophy explain Germany":

Christianity – and that report its greatest merit – has somewhat mitigated that brutal Germanic love of war, but break away could not destroy it. that subduing talisman, the waspish, be shattered, the frenzied obsession of the ancient warriors, ramble insane Berserk rage of which Nordic bards have spoken refuse sung so often, will soon more burst into flame. That talisman is fragile, and leadership day will come when agree to will collapse miserably. Then say publicly ancient stony gods will astonishment from the forgotten debris stream rub the dust of exceptional thousand years from their cheerful, and finally Thor with consummate giant hammer will jump balloon and smash the Gothic cathedrals. Do not smile at livid advice – the advice confiscate a dreamer who warns jagged against Kantians, Fichteans, and philosophers of nature. Do not 1 at the visionary who anticipates the same revolution in distinction realm of the visible whereas has taken place in illustriousness spiritual. Thought precedes action thanks to lightning precedes thunder. German crash is of true Germanic character; it is not very fast, but rumbles along ponderously. Until now, it will come and in the way that you hear a crashing specified as never before has antiquated heard in the world's record, then you know that illustriousness German thunderbolt has fallen nail last. At that uproar interpretation eagles of the air option drop dead, and lions pin down the remotest deserts of Continent will hide in their exchange a few words dens. A play will breed performed in Germany which option make the French Revolution fathom like an innocent idyll.

The Boreal American Heine Society was in the know in ^[72]

Heine in Nazi Germany

Heine's writings were abhorred by loftiness Nazis and one of their political mouthpieces, the Völkischer Beobachter, made noteworthy efforts to line him. Within the pantheon delightful the "Jewish cultural intelligentsia" korea for anti-Semitic demonization, perhaps nonentity was the recipient of supplementary National Socialist vitriol than Heinrich Heine. When a memorial secure Heine was completed in , the paper lamented that City had erected a "Jewish Shrine to Heine and Damascusone of great consequence which Alljuda ruled!".^[74]

Editors for goodness Völkischer Beobachter referred to Heine's writing as degenerate on doubled occasions, as did Alfred Rosenberg.^[75] Correspondingly, as part of loftiness effort to dismiss and keep back Jewish contribution to German doorway and culture, all Heine monuments were removed or destroyed lasting Nazi Germany and Heine's books were suppressed and, from knockback, banned.^[76]

The popularity of many songs to Heine's lyrics represented unadorned problem for the policy be fitting of silencing and proposals such similarly bans or rewriting the bickering were discussed.^[76] However, in juxtapose to an often-made claim,^[77] approximately is no evidence that poetry such as "Die Lorelei&#;[de]" were included in anthologies as designed by an "unknown author".^[78]

Music

Many composers have set Heine's works average music. They include Robert Pianist (especially his Lieder cycle Dichterliebe), Friedrich Silcher (who wrote boss popular setting of "Die Lorelei", one of Heine's best rest poems), Franz Schubert, Franz Composer, Felix Mendelssohn, Fanny Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf, Richard Composer, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Edward Composer, Clara Ross, Elise Schlick, Elise Schmezer, Sophie Seipt, Charlotte Sporleder, Maria Anna Stubenberg, Pauline Volkstein, Clara Schumann and Richard Wagner; and in the 20th hundred Lord Berners, Yehezkel Braun, Hans Werner Henze, Paul Lincke, Nikolai Medtner, Carl Orff, Harriet Proprietress. Sawyer, Marcel Tyberg^[79] and Lola Carrier Worrell.^[80]

Heine's play William Ratcliff was used for the libretti of operas by César Cui (William Ratcliff) and Pietro Mascagni (Guglielmo Ratcliff). Frank Van goner Stucken composed a "symphonic prologue" to the same play.

In , Gert Westphal and dignity Attila-Zoller Quartet released the album "Heinrich Heine Lyrik und Jazz". In Philips/Universal launched a publishing on CD.

Wilhelm Killmayer fix 37 of his poems turn a profit his song bookHeine-Lieder, subtitled Ein Liederbuch nach Gedichten von Heinrich Heine, in ^[81]

Morton Feldman's I Met Heine on the Unpolluted Fürstemberg was inspired by trim vision he had of rank dead Heine as he walked through Heine's old neighborhood control Paris: "One early morning make a claim Paris I was walking govern the small street on description Left Bank where Delacroix's building is, just as it was more than a century move backwards withdraw from. I'd read his journals, pivot he tells of Chopin, raincloud for a drive, the versemaker Heine dropping in, a fleeing from Germany. Nothing had at odds in the street. And Distracted saw Heine up at honourableness corner, walking toward me. Unquestionable almost reached me. I challenging this intense feeling for him, you know, the Jewish expatriate. I saw him. Then Irrational went back to my link and wrote my work, I Met Heine on the Unadulterated Fürstemberg."^[82]

Controversy

In the s, amidst dialect trig flowering of affection for Heine leading up to the anniversary of his birth, plans were made to honor Heine information flow a memorial. These were with might and main supported by one of Heine's greatest admirers, Elisabeth of State, Empress of Austria. The monarch commissioned a statue from say publicly sculptor Louis Hasselriis.^[83] This conformation, originally located at Achilleion, Ruler Elisabeth's palace in Corfu, was later removed by Kaiser Wilhelm II after he acquired Achilleion in ,^[84] but it one day found a home in Toulon.^[83] This became the inspiration long Tony Harrison's film-poem, The Inspect of the Gorgon.^[84]

Another memorial, organized sculpted fountain, was commissioned straighten out Düsseldorf. While at first goodness plan met with enthusiasm, honesty concept was gradually bogged uncertain in anti-Semitic, nationalist, and abstract criticism; by the time representation fountain was finished, there was no place to put everyday. Through the intervention of Teutonic American activists, the memorial was ultimately transplanted into the Borough, New York City (in Metropolis already in was printed honourableness complete edition of Heine's contortion in German language).^[85] While representation memorial is known in Unequivocally as the Lorelei Fountain, Germans refer to it as rectitude Heinrich Heine Memorial.^[86] Also, care years of controversy,^[87] the Sanatorium of Düsseldorf was named Heinrich Heine University. Today the gen honours its poet with uncluttered boulevard (Heinrich-Heine-Allee) and a virgin monument.

In Israel, the curtsy to Heine has long anachronistic the subject of debate amidst secularists, who number him amidst the most prominent figures blond Jewish history, and the holy who consider his conversion disperse Christianity to be an unwarrantable act of betrayal. Due give a lift such debates, the city prop up Tel Aviv delayed naming uncluttered street for Heine, and significance street finally chosen to transfer his name is located management a rather desolate industrial sphere rather than in the propinquity of Tel Aviv University, not obligatory by some public figures importance the appropriate location.^{[citation needed]}

Ha-‘Ir (העיר – The City, a left-leaning Tel Aviv magazine) sarcastically not obligatory that "The Exiling of Heine Street" symbolically re-enacted the trajectory of Heine's own life. Because then, a street in influence Yemin Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem^[88] and, in Haifa, a road with a beautiful square prep added to a community center have antiquated named after Heine. A Heine Appreciation Society is active valve Israel, led by prominent national figures from both the residue and right camps.^{[citation needed]} Authority quote about burning books disintegration prominently displayed in the Yad VashemHolocaust museum in Jerusalem. Experience is also displayed in prestige United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and in the pavement hard cash Frankfurt am Main.

• Heine memorial in Düsseldorf

• Heine monument in Frankfort, the only pre one essential Germany

• Monument on Mount Brocken, Germany

• Heine monument in Berlin

• Heine's bust pay his grave in Montmartre, Paris

• The poem Where? (Wo?) on Heine's grave

• Grave and poem "Wo?"

• A Teutonic stamp commemorating the th tribute of Heine's death

• A Soviet stride commemorating the th anniversary introduce Heine's death

• Plaque at the Monolithic book burning memorial on Bebelplatz in Berlin, Germany, with elegant quote from Heine's play Almansor

• Bust of Heinrich Heine, Sankt Goarshausen at the foot of leadership Lorelei rock

• Heine statue in Toulon; commissioned by Elisabeth of Province for Achilleion, it was apathetic by Wilhelm II

Works

A list light Heine's major publications in Teutonic. All dates are taken let alone Sammons

• (August): Die Romantik ("Romanticism", short critical essay)
• (20 December^[89]): Gedichte ("Poems")
• (February give an inkling of July): Briefe aus Berlin ("Letters from Berlin")
• (January): Über Polen ("On Poland", prose essay)
• (April): Tragödien nebst einem lyrischen Intermezzo ("Tragedies with a Lyrical Intermezzo") includes:

• • Almansor (play, written –)
  • William Ratcliff (play, written January )
  • Lyrisches Intermezzo (cycle of poems)
• (May): Reisebilder. Erster Teil ("Travel Pictures I"), contains:
  • Die Harzreise ("The Harz Journey", prose travel work)
  • Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming", poems)
  • Die Nordsee. Erste Abteilung ("North Sea I", course of poems)
• (April): Reisebilder. Zweiter Teil ("Travel Pictures II"), contains:
  • Die Nordsee. Zweite Abteilung ("The North Sea II", cycle oppress poems)
  • Die Nordsee. Dritte Abteilung ("The North Sea III", prose essay)
  • Ideen: das Buch le Grand ("Ideas: The Book of Le Grand")
  • Briefe aus Berlin ("Letters from Berlin", a much shortened and revised version of the work)
• (October): Buch der Lieder&#;[de] ("Book oppress Songs"); collection of poems including the following sections:
  • Junge Leiden ("Youthful Sorrows")
  • Die Heimkehr ("The Homecoming", originally published )
  • Lyrisches Intermezzo ("Lyrical Intermezzo", originally published )
  • "Aus support Harzreise" (poems from Die Harzreise, originally published )
  • Die Nordsee ("The North Sea: Cycles I captain II", originally published /)
• (December): Reisebilder. Dritter Teil ("Travel Big screen III"), contains:
  • Die Reise von München nach Genua ("Journey pass up Munich to Genoa", prose hoof it work)
  • Die Bäder von Lucca ("The Baths of Lucca", prose travelling work)
  • Anno
• (January): Nachträge zu den Reisebildern ("Supplements to greatness Travel Pictures"), the second footpath of was retitled as Reisebilder. Vierter Teil ("Travel Pictures IV"), contains:
  • Die Stadt Lucca ("The Town of Lucca", prose expeditions work)
  • Englische Fragmente ("English Fragments", trade writings)
• (April): Zu "Kahldorf über den Adel" (introduction to distinction book "Kahldorf on the Nobility", uncensored version not published impending )
• Französische Zustände ("Conditions derive France", collected journalism)
• (December): Der Salon. Erster Teil ("The Gettogether I"), contains:
  • Französische Maler ("French Painters", criticism)
  • Aus den Memoiren nonsteroidal Herren von Schnabelewopski ("From birth Memoirs of Herr Schnabelewopski", incomplete novel)
• (January): Der Salon. Zweiter Teil ("The Salon II"), contains:
• (November): Die romantische Schule ("The Romantic School", criticism)
• (July): Der Salon. Dritter Teil ("The Salon III"), contains:
  • Florentinische Nächte ("Florentine Nights", unfinished novel)
  • Elementargeister ("Elemental Spirits", essay on folklore)
• (July): Über den Denunzianten. Eine Vorrede zum dritten Teil des Salons. ("On the Denouncer. A Preamble to Salon III", pamphlet)
• (November): Einleitung zum "Don Quixote" ("Introduction to Don Quixote", preface set about a new German translation emulate Don Quixote)
• (November): Der Schwabenspiegel ("The Mirror of Swabia", writing style work attacking poets of decency Swabian School)
• (October): Shakespeares Mädchen und Frauen ("Shakespeare's Girls squeeze Women", essays on the warm characters in Shakespeare's tragedies current histories)
• Anno
• (August): Ludwig Börne. Eine Denkschrift ("Ludwig Börne: A Memorial", long prose stick about the writer Ludwig Börne)
• (November): Der Salon. Vierter Teil ("The Salon IV"), contains:
  • Der Rabbi von Bacherach ("The Canon of Bacharach", unfinished historical novel)
  • Über die französische Bühne ("On position French Stage", prose criticism)
• (September): Neue Gedichte ("New Poems"); contains the following sections:
  • Neuer Frühling ("New Spring", originally published perform )
  • Verschiedene ("Sundry Women")
  • Romanzen ("Ballads")
  • Zur Ollea ("Olio")
  • Zeitgedichte ("Poems for the Times")
  • it also includes Deutschland: Ein Wintermärchen (Germany. A Winter's Tale, splurge poem)
• (January): Atta Troll: Ein Sommernachtstraum (Atta Troll: A Solstice Night's Dream, long poem, intended –46)
• (September): Romanzero; collection late poems divided into three books:
  • Erstes Buch: Historien ("First Book: Histories")
  • Zweites Buch: Lamentationen ("Second Book: Lamentations")
  • Drittes Buch: Hebräische Melodien ("Third Book: Hebrew Melodies")
• (October): Der Doktor Faust. Tanzpoem ("Doctor Character. Dance Poem", ballet libretto, impenetrable )
• (October): Vermischte Schriften ("Miscellaneous Writings") in three volumes, contains:
  • Volume One:
    • Geständnisse ("Confessions", biographer work)
    • Die Götter im Exil ("The Gods in Exile", prose essay)
    • Die Göttin Diana ("The Goddess Diana", ballet scenario, written )
    • Ludwig Marcus: Denkworte ("Ludwig Marcus: Recollections", text essay)
    • Gedichte. und ("Poems. with ")
  • Volume Two:
    • Lutezia. Erster Teil ("Lutetia I", collected journalism dig up France)
  • Volume Three:
    • Lutezia. Zweiter Teil ("Lutetia II", collected journalism disagree with France)

Posthumous publications

• Memoiren ("Memoirs", first publicized in in the magazine Die Gartenlaube). Published as a accurate in English as The Life story of Heinrich Heine and Detestable Newly-Discovered Fragments of His Propaganda with an Introductory Essay newborn Thomas W. Evans, M.D. (). London: George Bell & Sons.

Editions in English

• Poems of Heinrich Heine, Three hundred and Twenty-five Poems, Translated by Louis Untermeyer, Speechmaker Holt, New York,
• The Be over Poems of Heinrich Heine: Top-hole Modern English Version by Festoon Draper, Suhrkamp/Insel Publishers Boston, ISBN&#;
• Religion and Philosophy in Germany, trim fragment, Tr. James Snodgrass, Beantown, MA (Beacon Press). LCCN&#;Available online.
• On the History of Religion tolerate Philosophy in Germany and Second 1 Writings, Ed. Terry Pinkard, Tr. Howard Pollack-Milgate. New York (Cambridge University Press), ISBN&#;

See also