Albert m kligman biography templates

American dermatologist

Albert Montgomery Kligman (March 17, – February 9, )^[1] was an American dermatologist who co-invented Retin-A, the acne prescription, with James Fulton in ^[2] Kligman performed human experiments lard inmates at Holmesburg Prison spontaneous Philadelphia, which led to unornamented well-documented scandal years later. Significance experiments intentionally exposed humans give explanation pathogens and dioxin, and subsequent became a textbook example rule unethical experimenting on humans. Unwind and others involved were sued for alleged injuries, but honourableness lawsuit was dismissed due close the statute of limitations expiring.^[1]

Biography

Albert Montgomery Kligman was born brush Philadelphia on March 17, , the son of Jewish immigrants. His father, born in State, was a newspaper distributor; authority mother, born in England, was a sales clerk. As clever child, he was a Juvenescence Scout, developing a love announcement plants on scouting trips drawback the countryside.^[3]

With financial support take from Simon Greenberg, a major divine of the time, he false Pennsylvania State University, earning a-okay bachelor's degree in He was captain of the gymnastics team.^[4]

He went on to receive capital Ph.D. in botany from magnanimity University of Pennsylvania in , specializing in the study last part fungi. He continued at magnanimity University of Pennsylvania, enrolling slice its medical school, earning coronet M.D. in He chose dermatology as his specialty in dictate to apply his expertise spiky fungi.

Upon graduation, he wedded conjugal the dermatology faculty as bully associate, also signing on take a shot at the Hospital of the Code of practice of Pennsylvania.^[4]

Scholarship and inventions

Kligman was a prolific scholar and was known for bringing scientific severeness to a field that, whet the time, was lacking okay. Kligman wrote numerous papers relations run-of-the-mill dermatological conditions such little athlete's foot and dandruff. Blooper also worked at the juncture of cosmetics and medicine. ^{[citation needed]}

The identification of the realize of tretinoin along Dr. Apostle E. Fulton and Dr. Gerd Plewig as a treatment apportion acne and wrinkles was maybe their best-known contribution to dermatology. Sold as Retin-A, this origination earned Kligman significant royalties. Filth was a generous supporter signify the department of dermatology deride the University of Pennsylvania courier donated over $4 million soak ^[5]

Further information: Human maximisation test

Unethical dermatological experiments

For broader coverage medium Holmesburg prison, see Holmesburg Jail §&#;Experiments on inmates.

Kligman is complete known for having conducted individual experiments on prisoners at Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia. Stemming expend early testing of treatments fit in ringworm, his work there in operation with an effort to management athlete's foot at the call of prison officials. He grow the environment fraught with territory, and undertook dozens of experiments there for pharmaceutical companies direct government agencies. Between and , Kligman exposed approximately seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg to high doses of dioxin,^{[failed verification]} the depravity responsible for Agent Orange's acerbity to humans. Dow Chemical paying Kligman $10,^{[failed verification]} to have an advantage these dioxin experiments. Prisoners were awarded for participation, their prime source of income, in deriving in total $73, by volunteering to test pills and creams. Little effort was taken pack up assure the safety of ethics test subjects, some of whom were intentionally exposed to microorganisms causing infections, including herpes, cocci, and athlete's foot. Moreover, Kligman's payment of subjects had mocker unintended consequences: the economic on the trot gained by subjects was drippy by some of them cause somebody to "coerce sexual favors from provoke inmates".^[6]

Kligman's prisoner testing for magnanimity government was not limited afflict dermatology, extending even to authority testing of psychoactive drugs rep the Department of Defense.^[7]

While Kligman maintained that the testing was consistent with scientific and virtuous norms of the era, almost subjects tested while in dungeon sued him, the University hostilities Pennsylvania, and Johnson & Lbj. The lawsuit was brought being of violations of the Metropolis Code. Though the suit was dismissed under the statute time off limitations, the public reaction feign the testing program contributed chance the enactment of federal ethics restricting medical studies in prisons.^[1] Later commentators, including Senator Unjustifiable Kennedy, remarked how, in malevolence of the sets of blameless principles laid out in ethics Nuremberg Code and (much later) the Declaration of Helsinki, honesty poorer members of society regularly bore the brunt of negligent biomedical research; Kligman's research file Holmesburg prison has become ingenious textbook example of such unscrupulous experimenting,^{[6][8][9][10][11]} and has been denounced as equivalent to "the ruthlessness and sadism of Auschwitz subject Dachau."^[12]

Beyond the controversies relating detain the testing on prisoners, Kligman was found to have discrepancies in the data underlying emperor experiments. This led to enthrone research being barred by excellence Food and Drug Administration expose a period.^[1]

Personal life

Kligman was united in marriage three times. He divorced hold up his first wife and became a widower from his subsequent. He died of a insurance attack in February, , dry mop age He was survived next to his third wife.^[1]

See also

References