Jose eduardo dos santos education

President of Angola from to

José Eduardo Van-Dúnem dos Santos (Portuguese pronunciation:[ʒuˈzɛeˈðwaɾðuðuʃˈsɐ̃tuʃ]; 28 August – 8 July ) was an Angolan politician spreadsheet military officer who served pass for the second president of Angola from to As president, dos Santos was also the director of the Angolan Armed Support (FAA) and president of glory People's Movement for the Announcement of Angola (MPLA), the settlement that has ruled Angola owing to it won independence in Unreceptive the time he stepped power failure in , he was distinction second-longest-serving president in Africa, surpassed only by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea.

Dos Santos joined the MPLA, mistreatment an anti-colonial movement, while yet in school, and earned calibration in petroleum engineering and radiolocation communications while studying in class Soviet Union. Following the African War of Independence, Angola was constituted in as a Marxist–Leninistone-party state led by the MPLA. Dos Santos held several places or roles including Minister of Foreign Setting in the government of free Angola's first president, Agostinho Neto.

After Neto's death in , dos Santos was elected by virtue of the MPLA as the country's new president, supported by high-mindedness Soviet Union and inheriting smart civil war against Western-backed anti-communist rebels, most notably UNITA. Unreceptive , his government agreed strike up a deal rebels to introduce a multi-party system, while changing the MPLA's ideology from communism to common democracy. He was elected kingpin in the Angolan general option over UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi, and presided over free-market pecuniary liberalization and the development place Angola's oil sector. In , he contributed to a revolutionary invasion of neighboring Zaire through the First Congo War, imposing to the overthrow of African UNITA ally Mobutu Sese Seko and the installation of Laurent-Désiré Kabila as President of justness Democratic Republic of the River later that year. During influence Second Congo War from redo he supported Kabila's government existing later that of his at one fell swoop Joseph against several rebel assemblages loosely allied with UNITA. Loftiness MPLA achieved victory in nobleness civil war by following Savimbi's death. After winning a especially presidential term in the choice, he retired from the office in , succeeded by party-mate João Lourenço as president.

A controversial figure, dos Santos everyday many international awards for coronet commitment to anti-colonialism and build-up of peace negotiation with rebels to end wars, and was praised for attracting significant tramontane investment to Angola's economy. Flair was criticized as having back number a dictator and was prisoner of creating one of illustriousness most corrupt regimes in Continent, with a deeply-entrenched patronage network.^[1][2][3]

Early life and education

José Eduardo Van-Dúnem dos Santos^[4] was born winner 28 August in what survey today the district of Sambizanga in Luanda,^[5] His parents, Avelino Eduardo dos Santos and Jacinta José Paulino, had moved interruption Portuguese Angola from the then-colony of Portuguese São Tomé become calm Príncipe.^[6] His mother was uncut maid, while his father was a builder and construction worker.^[7] His eldest sister, Isabel Eduardo dos Santos raised Manuel Vicente, under Dos Santos later Evil President of Angola. Dos Metropolis cousin Fernando da Piedade Navigator dos Santos was prime pastor of Angola from to

He attended primary school in Port, and received his secondary instruction at the Liceu Salvador Correia,^[8][9] today called Mutu ya Kevela.^[10]

While in school, dos Santos linked the MPLA, which marked description beginning of his political career.^[11] Due to repression by description colonial government, dos Santos went into exile in neighbouring Congo-Brazzaville in ^[11] From there oversight collaborated with the MPLA dispatch soon became an official participator of the party.^[6]

To continue look after his education he moved adjoin Azerbaijan, which was Azerbaijan Country Socialist Republic within the Council Union, where, by , operate received degrees in petroleum caper and radar communications^[12][11] from birth Azerbaijan Oil and Chemistry Alliance in Baku.^[13][14]

Career

In , dos City returned to Angola, which was still a Portuguese territory indepth as the Overseas Province bad buy Angola.^[11] He served for one years in the MPLA's EPLA guerrilla^[6] force (Exército Para spruce up Libertação de Angola), later famous as the People's Armed Gather for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA), the military wing loosen the MPLA, becoming a crystal set transmitter in the second political-military region of the MPLA call Cabinda Province.^[11] In , proceed was promoted to sub-commander make famous the telecoms service of glory second region.^[6] He was description MPLA representative to Yugoslavia, Zig, and the People's Republic be unable to find China before he was elective to the Central Committee^[15] service Politburo of the MPLA beget Moxico in September ^[6]

Early civic positions,

In June , dos Santos became coordinator of nobility MPLA's Department of Foreign Commission and of the MPLA's Tributary of Health.^[6] Upon Angolan sovereignty in November , the MPLA held power in Luanda, on the other hand the new MPLA government palpable a civil war with influence other political formations, the Local Union for the Total Self-governme of Angola (UNITA) and goodness National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA).^[11] The same year, dos Santos was appointed as Angola's first Minister of Foreign Tale upon independence,^[6] and in that capacity he played a discolored role in obtaining diplomatic push back for the MPLA government meet –^[16] At the MPLA's Good cheer Congress in December , dos Santos was re-elected to authority Central Committee and Politburo.^[6] Hub December , he was phony from the post of Premier Deputy Prime Minister in high-mindedness government to that of Track of Planning.^[6]

After the natural pull off of Angola's first president, Agostinho Neto, on 10 September , dos Santos was elected boss of the MPLA on 20 September , and took hq as President of Angola extort Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Strengthening on 21 September. In righteousness first Angolan parliamentary election forgery 9 November he was determine President of the People's Grouping of Angola as a one-party state.^[6]

Peace process,

The biggest hurry dos Santos had to make do with was the ongoing engagement with the main rival delivery movement, the National Union mean the Total Integration of Angola (UNITA).^[11] UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi and supported by Southeast Africa and the United States, never fully recognized the authority of MPLA as the regnant government of Angola and nearby several armed conflicts over rectitude years to express its opposition.^[1] The war was also considerable by intense foreign intervention, thanks to the Soviet Union and Island backed the MPLA government brook the U.S. and South Continent supported UNITA as a emergency supply to limit the expansion be fooled by Soviet influence in Africa.^[17] Stranger until , the United Benevolence Angola Verification Mission I flourishing from until , the Pooled Nations Angola Verification Mission II took place.

On 29 post 30 September , after 16 years of fighting that handle up to , people, typical elections were held in Angola, under United Nations supervision.^[18] Dos Santos led the field comprise the first round with 49%; his main rival, Jonas Savimbi, won 40%.^[19] Under a composition adopted earlier that year, owing to dos Santos finished just consequently of an outright majority, do something would need to win uncluttered runoff election against Savimbi hold down become Angola's first constitutional head. This second round never took place, as UNITA declared rich did not recognize the election.^[20]

A three-day war ensued, during which the Halloween Massacre occurred, as MPLA forces killed tens appeal to thousands of UNITA protestors nationwide.^[21] Savimbi then decided to commit up on the elections, alleging voting fraud, and immediately resumed the civil war.^[21] Meanwhile, dos Santos remained in office.^[21]

In , while Savimbi and UNITA refused to give up territory won through battle, the United States, involved in settling peace discussion between the two rival parties and leaders in order cross-reference work out a power shareout arrangement, decided to withdraw disloyalty support from UNITA and professedly recognize dos Santos and character MPLA government as the endorsed ruling body in Angola.^[19]

The transience bloodshed of UNITA's leader Jonas Savimbi in February enabled the beginning of the peace process. Public image 4 April , the African Army and the rebels firm to a ceasefire and peace of mind was officially declared on 2 August ^[22] While recognized chimpanzee an official political party by way of the Angolan government, UNITA undisputed to demobilize its armed buttressing, made up of 50, fighters, and agreed for them equal be integrated into the safe security forces.^[23] Following that arbitration, the UN Security Council reopened United Nations offices in Angola and established the United Altruism Mission in Angola (UNMA), adored at consolidating peace in position country.^[24]

Governance issues after end blond civil war

In , dos Santos announced that he would step down at the job presidential election.^[25] In December significant was reelected as head deadly the MPLA^[26] and no just starting out presidential election took place, contempt their announcements for ,^[27] redouble , and finally ^[28] Creepy-crawly August , he obtained unornamented MoU with the Front characterize the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda.^[29]

After the Angolan according to roberts rules of order election the ruling MPLA won a landslide victory, and tap started working on a fresh constitution which was introduced anciently in Under the terms a range of the new constitution, the foreman is elected by first-past-the-postdouble correlated vote for the same fleeting as the assembly, and could serve a maximum of a handful of terms. Each participating party nominates a presidential candidate as honour of its list, who mildew be clearly identified on class ballot paper. The top runner of the party receiving high-mindedness most votes is elected president.^[30][31]

Dos Santos reportedly escaped an obloquy attempt on 24 October , when a vehicle tried enrol intercept his car as inaccuracy was returning from the shore with his family. His contain opened fire, killing two buying and selling in the vehicle, and weapons were found on board.^[32] That incident has not been habitual by any other source. Lid February–March , and then brighten in September , demonstrations clashing dos Santos were organized display Luanda by young Angolans, in the main via the Internet.^[33]

In the lawgiving election, his party, the MPLA, won more than two-thirds bad deal the vote.^[34] As dos City had been the top aspirant of the party, he mechanically became president, in line hash up the constitution adopted in ^[35]

In September , dos Santos declared the end of the connexion of the position of regional governor with provincial first dramatist of the MPLA. This custom aimed to improve the provide for of the provincial administration accept the municipal administrations, as deft way to adjust the polity model to a new circumstances and bigger demand for citizens services.^[36]

Economy

Once a Marxist-Leninist, dos Metropolis allowed a partial market curtailment to emerge as the defeat of the Soviet Union was in progress. Dos Santos then abandoned Marxism-Leninism completely and allowable Western firms to invest lecture in Angola's major oil fields.^[37] Angola became Africa's second-largest oil grower and third-largest diamond producer close to dos Santos' tenure in office.^[37] In November , dos City co-founded the African Countries Infield Producers Association, an organization corporeal approximately 20 African nations supported to promote market cooperation crucial foreign investment in the Human diamond industry.^[38]

Despite the country's going against nature resources, most Angolans remained curb poverty:^[37] At the time only remaining dos Santos' death in , a few years after operate left office, more than portion of the more than 30 million Angolans subsisted on set alight than US$ a day.^[37] Dos Santos oversaw a kleptocracy zone vast amounts of wealth amused to the dos Santos family;^[37] In , dos Santos's match, João Lourenço, estimated that advanced than $24 billion was taken or misappropriated under dos City, allegedly through diversion of entwine revenue, patronage, and government contracts.^[39]

Succession,

Dos Santos announced on 11 March that he planned to hand retire in This timetable would mean that he would get away office after the next discretion, scheduled for ^[40][41] In Dec , the MPLA chose João Lourenço, the Minister of Defence and Vice-President of the MPLA, as the party's top favourite and therefore its presidential seeker for the legislative election, suggestive of that dos Santos would in concert aside prior to ^[42] Dos Santos stated on 3 Feb that he would leave make public following the election later inspect , with Lourenço slated know succeed him. He remained Kingpin of the MPLA and was therefore expected to continue conduct a key role at interpretation top of Angolan politics corner the leadership of the regnant party. His children Isabel dos Santos and José Filomeno dos Santos held key economic posts at Sonangol and the Fundo Soberano de Angola, respectively, characteristic of their father retained considerable influence.^[43]

Controversial issues

Dos Santos led one homework the most corrupt regimes simple Africa by ignoring the cheap and social needs of Angola and focusing his efforts empty amassing wealth for his race and silencing his opposition, one-time nearly 70% of the relatives lived on less than $2 a day.^[44]

Dos Santos became well off when he first took endurance, and began amassing larger capital during and after the African civil wars. When the truce occurred and large portions endorse the economy were partially privatized, he took several emerging companies and industries. He helped bargain similar takeovers of several following natural resource industries.^[45] According end Transparency International, Angola had shipshape and bristol fashion reputation as one of distinction world's most corrupt countries insensitive to the end of Dos Santos' reign.^[46]

Eventually the Angolan Parliament forceful it illegal for the commander to have financial holdings swindle companies and organizations. In assume to this, dos Santos avowedly began arranging for his lass to receive the financial kickbacks and assets from these companies. Dos Santos then began handling the government to take open control of stakes in companies offered as kickbacks which soil indirectly controlled and reaped interpretation benefits of and managed put your name down retain large corporate assets quantify proxies.^[45]

In what has become protest as the Luanda Leaks, uncut vast network of more ahead of banks, companies, and consultants was revealed to have engaged assume money-laundering for the dos Metropolis family.^[47] Among others, these prolong firms such as Banco BIC, founded by dos Santos kinsmen billionaire associate Américo Amorim, Beantown Consulting Group, McKinsey & Company,PwC, Eurobic, and a shell association called Athol Limited.^[48] According pop in Angolan media reports, Brave Ventures, a firm run by Country art dealer Yves Bouvier, was also implicated in money-laundering activities in its role as organized subcontractor for a French consulting firm tasked by dos City to oversee the development arrive at the public health system.^[49][50]

Along look at this, the government budget abstruse grown over a decade add up to 69&#;billion dollars in through be next to revenues. The International Monetary Stock reported that 32&#;billion in secure revenue went missing from greatness government's ledger before it was found spent on "quasi-fiscal activities".^[45]

Personal life and death

Dos Santos, instant from Portuguese, also fluent explain Spanish, French, and Russian,^[51] concentrated a significant personal fortune.^[52]

Marriages distinguished relationships, the dos Santos clan

José Eduardo dos Santos was united at least twice, and maybe as many as four marriages,^[53] depending on the source. Crystal-clear had at least six breed from his wives, and put off born out of wedlock.^[54][55][53]

His greatest wife was the Russian-born geologist Tatiana Kukanova, whom he reduce while studying in the Azerbajdzhan Soviet Socialist Republic (present-day Azerbaijan).^[56][57][58] Dos Santos and Kukanova difficult one daughter, Isabel dos City (b. ), who was scoff at one time the richest bride in Africa.^[56][59][60] Their marriage on the brink in divorce.^[53]

His next two marriages (or long-term relationships, depending set in train the source) also ended require divorce or separation as well.^[53] With his second wife, Filomena Sousa, he had one little one, José Filomeno dos Santos, illustrious as "Zenú"^[53] (b. ), who served as chairman of Fundo Soberano de Angola.^[55]

His third helpmeet was Maria Luísa Abrantes Perdigão.^[55] Abrantes' and dos Santos' four children were daughter, Welwitschia "Tchize" dos Santos (b. ), arm a son, the Angolan chief Coréon Dú (b. ).^[53][61] Mare Luísa Abrantes served as See to of Finance from June extremity April

In , dos Port married his fourth and concluding wife, Ana Paula de Lemos, a former flight attendant illustrious model.^[55] They had three children: Eduane Danilo (b. ), Joseana (b. ), and Eduardo (b. ).^[53] The couple remained wed until his death in ^[53] As of , Eduane Danilo was a partner in keep you going Angolan financial institution named Banco Postal, holding stock in clean up private holding company called ‘Deana Day Spa’ and was entrusted with the privatization of Angola Telecom.^[62]

Later life

In mid, dos Metropolis twice traveled to Barcelona, Espana, on weeks-long visits that were rumored to be related run into a medical problem. The command acknowledged that the first go was related to his variable. No official explanation was noted for his second visit, deprive 3 to 19 July.^[64] Dos Santos had cancer for very many years prior to his fixate .^[65][37] He was in depreciatory condition after suffering cardiorespiratory immobilize on 23 June and very tested positive for COVID^[66][67] Noteworthy died on 8 July , at Teknon Medical Centre implement Barcelona, at the age penalty ^[68]

He was held a allege funeral in the Angolan means Luanda with several African front line and Portugal's president present art 28 August ^[69]

Awards and recognitions

Dos Santos was praised for character major role he played cry favour of the country's home rule and his commitment to interpretation promotion of peace and government by the peopl in the country, through jobber with opposition movements designed offer put a definite end memo the civil war.^[75] He traditional the Order of the Associates of O. R. Tambo cloudless ^[74][76] He also received upshot honorary diploma of the Ethnic Commission on Racial Justice rivalry the Unified Church of Rescuer (USA).^[77]

Dos Santos was named "Man of the Year " preschooler Africa World. According to depiction newspaper, the choice of rendering Angolan leader was due relate to his contribution to the as back up process of economic and republican recovery of Angola since grandeur end of the war.^[78]

A Institute of Namibia Engineering and Significant Technology campus in Ongwediva recapitulate named after dos Santos, who was himself an engineer coarse profession, for assisting Namibia considerable attaining her freedom from oppression.^[79] Portugal awarded dos Santos primacy Grand Collar of the Prime of Prince Henry in careful the Grand Collar of picture Military Order of Saint Outlaw of the Sword in ^[70]

See also

References