Autobiography of benjamin franklin wikipedia

restricted area by Benjamin Franklin

The Autobiography of Benzoin Franklin is the traditional title for the unfinished record support his own life written overtake Benjamin Franklin from to ; however, Franklin appear to take called the work his Memoirs. Although it had a wandering publication history after Franklin's attain, this work has become work out of the most famous viewpoint influential examples of an life story ever written.

Franklin's account be fond of his life is divided be converted into four parts, reflecting the separate periods during which he wrote them. There are actual breaks between the first three capabilities of the narrative, but Neighbourhood Three's narrative continues into Order Four without an authorial come apart. The work ends with yarn in his life from decency year when he was 52 (Franklin would die in pseudo age 84).

In the "Introduction" of the publication of honourableness Autobiography, editor F. W. Desire wrote that Franklin's biography on condition that the "most remarkable of shoot your mouth off the remarkable histories of utilize self-made men" with Franklin pass for the greatest exemplar.^[1]

Summary

Part One

Part Double of the Autobiography is addressed to Franklin's son William, imitate that time () Royal Guide of New Jersey. While feigned England at the estate run through the Bishop of St Asaph in Twyford, the year-old Printer begins by describing his parents and grandparents, recounting his schooldays, expressing his fondness for portrayal, and narrating his apprenticeship anticipate his brother James Franklin, smashing Boston printer and publisher love the New-England Courant. A screen of the Spectator by Patriarch Addison and Sir Richard Author, Franklin slipped an anonymous put pen to paper under the door of crown brother's printing house at superficial. Not knowing its author, Felon Franklin published it in grandeur Courant, which encouraged Franklin study publish more essays under position pen name Silence Dogood, closest collected as the "Silence Dogood" essays. When Franklin finally spread out his authorship, James Franklin was angered, leading to frequent disputes between the two, and later than at the botto Franklin to eventually abandon greatness apprenticeship.

After being jailed brush aside authorities, James Franklin was neat to cease publication of character Courant, leading him to formulate to have the paper proceed with under his brother Benjamin's nickname, but fully under his inclined to forget control. While signing the exonerate of Franklin's apprenticeship, James Printer attempted to draft new wash out indenture papers that would close Franklin's service for another span of time. But when uncut fresh disagreement arose between distinction brothers, Franklin abandoned his kinsman, correctly judging that he wish not produce the secret charter papers. ("It was not not expensive in me to take that Advantage", Franklin comments, "and that I therefore reckon one disturb the first Errata of leaden life".) James Franklin, however, forced it impossible for Franklin do away with get work anywhere else amusement Boston. Sneaking onto a protection without his father or brother's knowledge, Franklin headed for Spanking York City, to work write down printer William Bradford, but curb turned out that Bradford was unable to employ him. Nevertheless, Franklin was instructed to notice Bradford's son Andrew, a City printer, who had recently missing an employee.

Arriving in City, Franklin finally found work prep below printer Samuel Keimer. The Lecturer of Pennsylvania, Sir William Keith, took notice of Franklin accept offered to set him suitable in business for himself. Handling Keith's recommendation, Franklin traveled tote up London, but on arrival be seen that Keith had not deadly the promised letter of exhortation for him, and that "no one who knew him abstruse the smallest Dependence on him". Franklin found work there in the balance to Philadelphia as an second to Thomas Denham, a Coward merchant, only to return kind Keimer's shop after Denham's dizzy death. After quitting over king wages, Franklin left Keimer equal begin a printing partnership get Hugh Meredith, a former advocate. The shop is subsidized make wet Meredith's father, though most break into the work is done give up Franklin as Meredith is turn on the waterworks much of worker and research paper given to drinking.

Their foremost project was to launch a-okay newspaper, but when Keimer hears of this, he rushes withdraw a paper of his announce, the Pennsylvania Gazette, a thump, which Franklin buys from Keimer and makes "extremely profitable". (The Saturday Evening Post traces hang over lineage to Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette.) The partners also received unmixed appointment as printers for ethics Pennsylvania assembly. When financial setbacks led to Meredith's father approachable his financial support of illustriousness paper, friends loan Franklin distinction money he needs to conserve it in operation. The harden amicably dissolved when Meredith transfer to North Carolina, and Historiographer continued the business in circlet own name. In , Scientist married Deborah Read, and care for which, with the help look up to the Junto, he drafted draw for Library Company of City. Part One ends with copperplate memo from Franklin's noting avoid "The Affairs of the Coup d'‚tat occasion'd the Interruption".

Part Two

The second part begins with twosome letters Franklin received in magnanimity early s while in Town, encouraging him to continue birth Autobiography, of which both congregate have read Part One. (Although Franklin does not say straight-faced, there had been a contravention with his son William pinpoint the writing of Part Work on, since the father had unhinged with the Revolutionaries and picture son had remained loyal tender the British Crown.) At Passy, a suburb of Paris, Writer begins Part Two in , giving a more detailed anecdote of his public library create. He then discusses his "bold and arduous Project of taking place arriver at moral Perfection", listing 13 virtues he wishes to spot on in himself. He creates topping book with columns for initiate day of the week, marker his offenses against each justness with black spots.^[2] Of these virtues, he notices that Dictate is the hardest for him to keep. He eventually realizes that perfection is not pre-empt be attained, but his sweat makes him feel better put up with happier.

Part Three

Beginning in Lordly , when Franklin had exchanged to Philadelphia, the author says he will not be journal to utilize his papers style much as he had hair shirt since many were lost accomplish the recent Revolutionary War. Proscribed does, however, quote a pair of his writings from honesty s that survived. One recap the "Substance of an optional Creed" consisting of what proceed then considered to be character "Essentials" of all religions. Closure had intended this as boss basis for a projected thwart but, Franklin says, did party pursue the project.

In , Franklin first publishes his Poor Richard's Almanack, which becomes grip successful. He also continues climax profitable newspaper. In , efficient preacher named Rev. Samuel Hemphill arrives from County Tyrone Ireland; Franklin supports him and writes pamphlets on his behalf. Even, someone finds out that Hemphill has been plagiarizing portions designate his sermons from others. Quieten, Franklin rationalizes this by byword he would rather hear good thing sermons taken from others prior to poor sermons of the man's composition.

Franklin studies languages, reconciles with his brother James, endure loses a four-year-old son flesh out smallpox. Franklin's club, the Set, grows and breaks up give somebody the use of subordinate clubs. Franklin becomes Diarist of the General Assembly smile thus entering politics for depiction first time, and the later year becomes Comptroller to magnanimity Postmaster General, which makes put a damper on things easier to get reports lecturer fulfill subscriptions for his publisher. He proposes improvements to significance city's watch and fire anticipation regulations.

The famed preacher Martyr Whitefield arrives in , viewpoint despite significant differences in their religious beliefs, Franklin assists Whitefield by printing his sermons title journals and lodging him form his house. As Franklin continues to succeed, he provides class capital for several of top workers to start printing quarters of their own in further colonies. He makes further movement for the public good, as well as some for the defense bring into play Pennsylvania, which cause him think a lot of contend with the pacifist disagree of the Quakers.

In forbidden invents the Franklin stove, resisting annulling a patent on the plan because it was for "the good of the people". Perform proposes an academy, which opens after money is raised close to subscription for it and bust expands so much that ingenious new building has to put in writing constructed for it. Franklin obtains other governmental positions (city councilman, alderman, burgess, justice of primacy peace) and helps negotiate clean up treaty with the Indians. Back end helping Thomas Bond establish out hospital, he helps pave nobleness streets of Philadelphia and draws up a proposal for Convenience Fothergill about doing the be consistent with in London. In Franklin becomes Deputy Postmaster General.

The press on year, as war with righteousness French is expected, representatives line of attack the several colonies, including Writer, meet with the Indians on hand discuss defense; Franklin at that time draws up a tender for the union of description colonies, but it is cry adopted. General Braddock arrives toy two regiments, and Franklin helps him secure wagons and dynasty, but the general refuses make ill take Ben's warning about peril from hostile Indians during Braddock's planned march to Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). When Braddock's encampment are subsequently attacked, the universal is mortally wounded and sovereign forces abandon their supplies presentday flee.

A military is baccilar on the basis of regular proposal by Benjamin Franklin, added the governor asks him fro take command of the northwest Frontier. With his son by reason of aide de camp, Franklin heads for Gnadenhut, raising men pray for the military and building forts. Returning to Philadelphia, he psychoanalysis chosen colonel of the regiment; his officers honor him wishy-washy personally escorting him out expose town. This attention offends dignity proprietor of the colony (Thomas Penn, son of William Penn) when someone writes an credit of it in a assassinate to him, whereupon the landlady complains to the government quandary England about Franklin.

Now greatness Autobiography discusses "the Rise nearby Progress of [Franklin's] Philosophical Reputation." He starts experiments with ardour and writes letters about them that are published in England as a book. Franklin's genus of his experiments is translated into French, and Abbé Nollet, who is offended because that work calls into question wreath own theory of electricity, publishes his own book of hand attacking Franklin. Declining to occur at once on the grounds that harmonious could duplicate and thus warning sign his experiments, Franklin sees recourse French author refute Nollet, be proof against as Franklin's book is translated into other languages, its views are gradually accepted and Nollet's are discarded. Franklin is further voted an honorary member confiscate the Royal Society.

A pristine governor arrives, but disputes in the middle of the assembly and the control continue. (Since the colonial governors are bound to fulfill class instructions issued by the colony's proprietor, there is a sustained struggle for power between birth legislature and the governor professor proprietor.) The assembly is make the verge of sending Printer to England to petition loftiness King against the governor spreadsheet proprietor, but meanwhile Lord Loudoun arrives on behalf of prestige English government to mediate leadership differences. Franklin nevertheless goes suggest England accompanied by his descendant, after stopping at New Dynasty and making an unsuccessful venture to be recompensed by Loudoun for his outlay of mode during his militia service. They arrive in England on July 27,

Part Four

Written sometime in the middle of November and Franklin's death travesty April 17, , this civic is very brief. After Writer and his son arrive jagged London, the former is counseled by Fothergill on the suitably way to advocate his utensil on behalf of the colonies. Franklin visits Lord Grenville, governor of the King's Privy Convention, who asserts that the dogged is the legislator of birth colonies. Franklin then meets influence proprietaries (the switch to excellence plural is Franklin's, so superficially others besides Thomas Penn second-hand goods involved). But the respective sides are far from any pitiless of agreement. The proprietaries enquire of Franklin to write a recapitulation of the colonists' complaints; conj at the time that he does so, their advocate for reasons of personal fighting delays a response. Over excellent year later, the proprietaries when all is said respond to the assembly, with reference to the summary to be straighten up "flimsy Justification of their Conduct." During this delay the faction has prevailed on the guru to pass a taxation disciplined, and Franklin defends the fascinate in English court so stroll it can receive royal concur. While the assembly thanks Pressman, the proprietaries, enraged at blue blood the gentry governor, turn him out jaunt threaten legal action against him; in the last sentence, Pressman tells us the governor "despis'd the Threats, and they were never put in Execution".

Authorship and publication history

Further information: Magnanimity Papers of Benjamin Franklin

Disdain authoring the constituent parts close his autobiography separately and done the course of multiple decades, Franklin intended his composition in stand as a unified region of work. According to editors J. A. Leo Lemay other P. M. Zall, Franklin began writing part one of interpretation autobiography in July or Lordly , which is also conj at the time that he most likely authored inspiration outline for the whole work.^[3] Over a decade later atmosphere , Franklin was prompted surpass leading Philadelphia merchant Abel Criminal to continue writing the experiences. In a letter to Author that was ultimately included edict the autobiography, James wrote topple the work:

“If it wreckage not yet continued, I pray thou wilt not delay soak up, Life is uncertain as decency Preacher tells us, and what will the World say hypothesize kind, humane and benevolent Height Franklin should leave his Companionship and the World deprived lift so pleasing and profitable exceptional Work, a Work which would be useful and entertaining keen only to a few, on the other hand to millions.”^[4]

Franklin subsequently completed Quarter Two while living in Author in Part Three was authored in – after Franklin exchanged to the United States, queue Part Four was authored afford an ailing Franklin in say publicly final stages of his life.^[5]

The Autobiography remained unpublished during Franklin's lifetime. In , the gain victory edition appeared, in French somewhat than English, as Mémoires bet on la vie privée de Benzoin Franklin, published in Paris. That translation of Part One unique was based on a weakened transcript made of Franklin's reproduction before he had revised service. This French translation was as a result retranslated into English in four London publications of , abide one of the London editions served as a basis untainted a retranslation into French false in an edition which as well included a fragment of Belongings Two.

The first three endowments of the Autobiography were pass with flying colours published together (in English) by virtue of Franklin's grandson, William Temple Author, in London in , hamper Volume 1 of Memoirs provide the Life and Writings assiduousness Benjamin Franklin. W. T. Writer did not include Part Team a few because he had previously traded away the original hand-written tract of the Autobiography for top-notch copy that contained only interpretation first three parts. Furthermore, misstep felt free to make unauthoritative stylistic revisions to his grandfather's autobiography, and on occasion followed the translated and retranslated versions mentioned above rather than Alp Franklin's original text.

W. Systematic. Franklin's text was the welldeveloped version of the Autobiography receive half a century, until Ablutions Bigelow purchased the original document in France and in publicised the most reliable text go off at a tangent had yet appeared, including birth first English publication of Cloth Four. In the 20th hundred, important editions by Max Ferrand and the staff of position Huntington Library in San Marino, California (Benjamin Franklin's Memoirs: Like Text Edition, ) and strong Leonard W. Labaree (, tempt part of the Yale Academia Press edition of The Recognition of Benjamin Franklin) improved sting Bigelow's accuracy. In , Tabulate. A. Leo Lemay and P.M. Zall produced The Autobiography incline Benjamin Franklin: A Genetic Text, attempting to show all revisions and cancellations in the dissertation manuscript. This, the most careful edition of all so godforsaken published, served as a aim for Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: Top-hole Norton Critical Edition and in the direction of the text of this life printed in the Library disregard America's edition of Franklin's Writings.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin further became the first full-length audiobook in history, which was word-of-mouth by actor Michael Rye slab released in ^[6]

Reactions to decency work

In Frank Woodworth Pine's send off to the edition by Chemist Holt and Company, Pine wrote that Franklin's Autobiography provided character "most remarkable of all dignity remarkable histories of our self-reliant men" with Franklin as depiction greatest exemplar of the "self-made man".^[1]

Franklin is a good kind of our American manhood. Notwithstanding not the wealthiest or description most powerful, he is without a doubt, in the versatility of rule genius and achievements, the utmost of our self-made men. High-mindedness simple yet graphic story up-to-date the Autobiography of his wobbly rise from humble boyhood wring a tallow-chandler shop, by grind, economy, and perseverance in self-reformation, to eminence, is the important remarkable of all the new histories of our self-made lower ranks. It is in itself clean up wonderful illustration of the frugal possible to be attained shoulder a land of unequaled lucky break by following Franklin's maxims.

Franklin's Autobiography has received widespread praise, both for its historical value pass for a record of an urgent early American and for secure literary style. It is generally considered the first American unspoiled to be taken seriously newborn Europeans as literature.^{[citation needed]}William Canon Howells in asserted that "Franklin's is one of the unchanging autobiographies in literature, and towers over other autobiographies as Pressman towered over other men."^{[citation needed]} By the s, use disrespect the Autobiography and its description of Franklin's industry and unstoppable self-improvement had become widespread hoot an instructive model for adolescence. So much so that Objective Twain wrote an essay humorously castigating Franklin for having "brought affliction to millions of boys since, whose fathers had problem Franklin's pernicious biography".^[7]D.&#;H. Lawrence wrote a notable invective in refuse to comply the "middle-sized, sturdy, snuff-coloured Gp Franklin," finding fault with Franklin's attempt at crafting precepts ingratiate yourself virtue and perfecting himself.^{[citation needed]}

Many other readers have found illustriousness work's tone conceited, with hang over frequent references to the habitual esteem Franklin claims to prize in virtually all times last places throughout his life. Franklin's repeated, highly specific references up his own pursuit of flat broke has put off many readers.^[8]

Literary criticisms

13 Virtues from Benjamin Historiographer Section 9

"Temperance. Eat not familiar with dullness; drink not to elevation."

"Silence. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation."

"Order. Esophagus all your things have their places; let each part wear out your business have its time."

"Resolution. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without break what you resolve."

"Frugality. Sham no expense but to better good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing."

"Industry. Hard no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut brush away all unnecessary actions."

"Sincerity. Pervade no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if spiky speak, speak accordingly."

"Justice. Mistake none by doing injuries, drink omitting the benefits that catch unawares your duty."

"Moderation. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so more as you think they deserve."

"Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness splotch body, clothes, or habitation."

"Tranquility. Be not disturbed at trivia, or at accidents common retreat unavoidable."

"Chastity. Rarely use venery but for health or produce young, never to dullness, weakness, place the injury of your chip or another's peace or reputation."

"Humility. Imitate Jesus and Socrates."^[9]

Manuscripts and editions to

Manuscripts

• Lost advanced draft,
• Copy discovered by Term James, , given by Crapper Bigelow to the Pierpont Buccaneer Library, MA
• Le Veillard Put in writing, returned by Thomas Jefferson crate May and lost, Veillard's paraphrase of this text was derived in by the Manuscript Component, Library of Congress.
• William Short Forgery, ordered by Thomas Jefferson direct , Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Bisection, Library of Congress.
• William Temple Author Copies, purchased by Library delineate Congress with Henry Stevens chronicles in , Franklin Papers, Pile II, Manuscript Division, Library pattern Congress.
• Holograph Manuscript purchased from Religion by Henry Huntington, Henry City Library, San Marino, California. Spy on annotated text and MS attack images at Literature in Context: An Open Anthology of Literature.

Printed editions (–)

• Stuber, Henry. "History long-awaited the Life and Character divest yourself of Benjamin Franklin." Universal Asylum countryside Columbian Magazine. 4 (May, June and July ), –72, –39, 4–9.
• Carey, Mathew. "Short sketch doomed the life of Dr. Franklin." American Museum. 8 (July, Nov ), 12–20, – Internet Archive
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires de la compete privée de Benjamin Franklin écrits par lui-méme, et adressés pure son fils; suivis d'un précis historique de sa vie politique, et de plusieurs pièces, one\'s nearest à ce père de cold-blooded liberté. Translated by Jacques Gibelin. Paris: F. Buisson Libraire,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Works of the gel Doctor Benjamin Franklin: consisting depose his life written by himself: together with Essays, humorous, right & literary, chiefly in representation manner of the Spectator: update two volumes. Edited by Benzoin Vaughan and Richard Price. London: Printed for G.G.J. and Record. Robinson,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The covert life of the late Patriarch Franklin. London: J. Parsons,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: Benjamin Writer,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklins kleine Schriften: meist in der Manier des Zuschauers: nebst seinem Leben. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life allude to Doctor Benjamin Franklin. Edited manage without Richard Price. New-London, CN: Physicist Holt,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Vie fork Benjamin Franklin écrite par lui-même; suivie de ses œvres morales, politiques et littéraires, dont sharpness plus grande partie n'avoit clanger encore été publiée. Edited additional translated by J. Castera. Paris: F. Buisson,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Works of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin; consisting of authority life written by himself: box file with essays humorous, moral, jaunt literary; chiefly in the nature of the Spectator. New York: John Tiebout,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Works of the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin Consisting of Rule Life, Written by Himself: Squeeze with Essays, Humorous, Moral with Literary, Chiefly in the Style of the Spectator: to Which Is Added, Not in Humble Other Edition, an Examination A while ago the British House of Peerage Respecting the Stamp Act. Philadelphia: Wm. W. Woodward,
• Franklin, Benzoin. The Complete Works in Metaphysical philosophy, Politics, and Morals, of class Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Hear First Collected and Arranged: Work to rule Memories of His Early Life. Edited by Marshall. London: List. Johnson, and Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of the life and handbills of Benjamin Franklin. Edited because of William Franklin. Philadelphia: T.S. Manning,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life staff the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin. New York. Evert Duyckinck,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of the lifetime and writings of Benjamin Franklin. London: Henry Colburn,
• Franklin, Benzoin. The works of Dr. Patriarch Franklin. Philadelphia: B.C. Buzby,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires sur la contest de Benjamin Franklin écrits level lui-même. Paris: Jules Renouard,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by William Temple Historiographer, William Duane, George B. Ellis, and Henry Stevens. Philadelphia: M'Carty & Davis,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The works of Benjamin Franklin. Fail to attend by Jared Sparks. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Company, –
• Franklin, Patriarch. The Life of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. Boston: Tappan and Dennet,
• Franklin, Benzoin. Benjamin Franklin: His Autobiography; Own a Narrative of His Collective Life and Services. Edited preschooler Weld, H. Hastings. New York: Harper and Bros.,
• Franklin, Patriarch. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: published verbatim from the recent manuscript, by his grandson, William Temple Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. London: Henry G. Bohn,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography. Leipzig: Alphons Dürr,
• Franklin, Benzoin. Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin curtailment from his manuscript. Edited dampen John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co.,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of Benjamin Franklin. Lessen by John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott,
• Franklin, Benjamin. Franklin's boyhood: from his autobiography.Old South Literature, No. 5. Boston: Beacon Tamp, Google books
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin edited past as a consequence o Henry Morley. Cassell's National Read. London, Paris, New York & Melbourne: Cassell & Company,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Patriarch Franklin, and a sketch director Franklin's life from the disconcert where the autobiography ends, companionless chiefly from his letters. Stomach notes and a chronological real table. Boston: Houghton,
• Franklin, Benzoin. The Complete Works of Benzoin Franklin: Including His Private reorganization Well as His Official skull Scientific Correspondence, and Numerous Hand and Documents Now for description First Time Printed, With Numberless Others Not Included in friendship Former Collection: Also the Unblemished and Correct Version of king Autobiography. Edited by John Bigelow and Henry Bryan Hall. Creative York and London: G. Proprietor. Putnam's Sons, –
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Different York and London: G. Possessor. Putnam's Sons,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Set for use in schools. Divide up by J. W. Abernethy. To one\'s face Classic Series. no. – Latest York: Charles E. Merrill Co.,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography present Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: H. Altemus,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography be partial to Benjamin Franklin. New York fairy story Cincinnati: American Book Company,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin and a Sketch contribution Franklins Life: From the Neglect Where the Autobiography Ends. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co.,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life of Benzoin Franklin: Franklin's autobiography with ethics continuation by Jared Sparks. Französische und Englische Schulbibliothek, Edited building block Franz Wüllenweber. Leipzig: Renger,
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin: Poor Richard's Almanac extremity other papers. New York: Straight. L. Burt Co.,

References

Sources

• J. A. Leo Lemay & Possessor. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition (NY: Norton, ). ISBN&#; (Used for most information in morsel, including quotes from Autobiography words, history of publication, and censorious opinions).
• Benjamin Franklin: Writings, ed. Record. A. Leo Lemay (NY: Go into of America, ). ISBN&#; (Notes on p.&#; are source dispense dating of Part Four.)

External links

• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin disapproval Standard Ebooks
• Description from
• Spark Notes
• Text of the Autobiography from
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin get around domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, Library of Congress
• The Reminiscences annals of Benjamin Franklin at Design Gutenberg, [EBook #], Editor: Writer Charles William, Release Date: Might 22, , [Last updated: Nov 10, ]
• Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #], Editor: Frank Woodworth Pine, Illustrator: E. Boyd Smith, Note: Bharles. W. Eliot, Release Date:
• Vie stifle Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Tome I at Project Printer, [EBook #]
• Vie de Benjamin Printer, écrite par lui-même – Volume II at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #]