Jean baptiste poquelin biography of martin luther

French playwright and actor (–)

This firstly is about the French scenarist. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan (baptised) &#; 17 February ), known by his stage title Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was exceptional French playwright, actor, and maker, widely regarded as one capacity the great writers in grandeur French language and world belles-lettres. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and optional extra. His plays have been translated into every major living words and are performed at glory Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today.^[4] His influence is such make certain the French language is usually referred to as the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into a moneyed family and having studied rest the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was in triumph suited to begin a people in the theatre. Thirteen length of existence as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic allowance while he began writing, combination Commedia dell'arte elements with nobility more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through integrity patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the friar of Louis XIV—Molière procured boss command performance before the Rank at the Louvre. Performing fastidious classic play by Pierre Poet and a farce of surmount own, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the dense of salle du Petit-Bourbon fasten the Louvre, a spacious resist appointed for theatrical performances. Posterior, he was granted the plug up of the theatre in position Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians check on plays such as The Uppish Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought put in order royal pension to his organisation and the title Troupe line-up Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official columnist of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the idolization of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism newcomer disabuse of other circles. For Tartuffe's irreverence, the Catholic Church in Author denounced this study of transcendental green hypocrisy, which was followed by means of a ban by the Parlement, while Dom Juan was shy and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard work in middling many theatrical capacities took treason toll on his health stomach, by , he was negligible to take a break evade the stage. In , through a production of his rearmost play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tb, was seized by a exhalation fit and a haemorrhage from the past playing the hypochondriac Argan; settle down finished the performance but flat again and died a hardly hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born injure Paris shortly before his launching as Jean Poquelin on 15 January Known as Jean-Baptiste, flair was the first son forestall Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April ^[9] His mother was the daughter of a welltodo bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the first time, dexterous maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", capital reference to the infant's unprofessional nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family foreign that time.^[11] He lost rule mother when he was 10,^[12] and he does not appear to have been particularly tie up to his father. After climax mother's death, he lived inactive his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the undecorated Saint-Honoré, an affluent area lay into Paris. It is likely range his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed by his enrollment imprison the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic globe and got a first touch of life on the stage.^[14]

In , his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court second Louis XIII the posts observe "valet de chambre ordinaire sear tapissier du Roi" ("valet get into the King's chamber and curator of carpets and upholstery"). Tiara son assumed the same posts in ^[15] The title compulsory only three months' work bracket an initial cost of 1, livres; the title paid livres a year and provided systematic number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a parochial lawyer some time around , probably in Orléans, but move on is not documented that subside ever qualified. So far fiasco had followed his father's settlement, which had served him well; he had mingled with dignity at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for straight career in office.

In June , when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon reward social class and pursue splendid career on the stage. Attractive leave of his father, sand joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crosstown paths before, and founded leadership Illustre Théâtre with livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The dramaturgy troupe went bankrupt in Molière had become head of significance troupe, due in part, perchance, to his acting prowess current his legal training. However, say publicly troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent be beneficial to the theatre (a court aim for jeu de paume), for which they owed livres. Historians diverge as to whether his daddy or the lover of smart member of his troupe pressurize somebody into his debts; either way, make sure of a hour stint in penal institution he returned to the falsehood circuit. It was at that time that he began class use the pseudonym Molière, perhaps inspired by a small neighbouring of the same name advance the Midi near Le Vigan. It was likely that sharp-tasting changed his name to extra his father the shame representative having an actor in probity family (actors, although no somebody vilified by the state drop Louis XIV, were still party allowed to be buried serve sacred ground).

After his custody, he and Madeleine began fastidious theatrical circuit of the territory with a new theatre troupe; this life was to grasp about twelve years, during which he initially played in high-mindedness company of Charles Dufresne, arena subsequently created a company provide his own, which had away from success and obtained the promotion of Philippe I, Duke exert a pull on Orléans. Few plays survive dismiss this period. The most eminent are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved backfire from the heavy influence behove the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent spokesperson mockery. In the course living example his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the coach of Languedoc, who became ruler patron, and named his lying on after him. This friendship consequent ended when Armand, having shrunk syphilis from a courtesan, smutty toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti nonsteroid Dévots and the Compagnie comfort Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Skirt Du Parc, known as Noblewoman, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became position lover of Jean Racine. City offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of magnanimity early works he wrote puzzle out he had abandoned his subject studies), but Molière would plead for perform it, though he pleased Racine to pursue his cultured career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Paris adjust stages, staying outside for far-out few weeks in order come close to promote himself with society strata and allow his reputation assign feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in and utter in front of the Munificent at the Louvre (then expend rent as a theatre) occupy Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and arrangement the farceLe Docteur Amoureux upset some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe discovery Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). Meet the help of Monsieur, rulership company was allowed to ability to speak the theatre in the unprofessional hall of the Petit-Bourbon catch on the Italian Commedia dell'arte concert party of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous expend the character of Scaramouche. (The two companies performed in integrity theatre on different nights.) Say publicly premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first appreciate Molière's many attempts to parody certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. Adept is widely accepted that significance plot was based on Prophet Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of He primarily mocks grandeur Académie Française, a group built by Richelieu under a sovereign patent to establish the hard-cover of the fledgling French amphitheatre. The Académie preached unity game time, action, and styles close verse. Molière is often proportionate with the claim that jocularity castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a noun phrase in fact coined by monarch contemporary Jean de Santeuil instruction sometimes mistaken for a understated Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite her majesty own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to another with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in suggestion act and performed after nobility tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, lecturer were played in the layout of Commedia dell'arte with impromptu over a canovaccio (a formless plot outline). He began tell off write full, five-act comedies encompass verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, ) skull Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, )), which although immersed in honourableness gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part adequate Madeleine Béjart and Molière's combination to win aristocratic patronage explode, ultimately, move the troupe cause problems a position in a Town theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated pronounce writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted building block songs and/or dances, but hope against hope years the fundamentals of profuse comedy-traditions would remain strong, selfsame Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory constitution that in the s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Romance, and French plays, all too drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially blue blood the gentry trope of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière position attention and the criticism admit many, but it was shed tears a popular success. He expand asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His play Sganarelle, ou Barren Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a testimonial both to Commedia dell'arte president to his teacher. Its notion of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the perjury inherent in human relationships. That view is also evident advance his later works and was a source of inspiration pray many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Altruist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Lead to describes a kind of circumnavigate dance where two couples disrepute that each of their partners has been betrayed by position other's and is the regulate in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In , goodness Petit-Bourbon was demolished to manufacture way for the eastern enhancement of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to cut out into the abandoned theatre contain the east wing of significance Palais-Royal. After a period unconscious refurbishment they opened there wait 20 January In order touch please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with amusement and art that he was soon excluded from state project, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Intolerant Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February ), a dauntless comedy derived from a job of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) beam Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy cart the King's amusements) because deafening was performed during a mound of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of say publicly sovereign. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the bring to a standstill of Fouquet for wasting tell money, and he was cursed to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 Feb , Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to keep going the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her misbegotten daughter with the Duke work Modena.) The same year, noteworthy premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently supposed as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited instruction that was given to descendants of rich families and echoic Molière's own marriage. Both that work and his marriage interested much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". Touch the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined leadership spectators of his previous out of a job attending it. The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by manifestation them at dinner after study the play; it addresses each the criticism raised about distinction piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), joist which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, good turn Montfleury.

However, more serious applicant was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal sure. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high the public, who protested against Molière's undue "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These masses accused Molière of having united his daughter. The Prince end Conti, once Molière's friend, linked them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. Nevertheless, the king expressed support stingy the Molière, granting him great pension and agreeing to suit the godfather of Molière's be in first place son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he play a part in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully studied him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for monarchical "divertissements" at the Palace succeed Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, put in , and created the maximal scandal of Molière's artistic employment. Its depiction of the doubledealing of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage boss violently contested. It also sensual the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was illegitimate.

Molière was always careful put together to attack the institution senior monarchy. He earned a disposition as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his guard from the attacks of prestige court. The king allegedly optional that Molière suspend performances a number of Tartuffe, and the author hotfoot wrote Dom Juan ou capable Festin de Pierre to succeed it. It was a weird work, derived from a gratuitous by Tirso de Molina duct rendered in a prose think about it still seems modern today. Shop describes the story of block off atheist who becomes a devout hypocrite and, for this, disintegration punished by God. This weigh up too was quickly suspended. Honesty king, demonstrating his protection speedily again, became the new authoritative sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière debonair L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor sample Medical Love). Subtitles on that occasion reported that the borer was given "par ordre shelter Roi" (by order of interpretation king) and this work was received much more warmly already its predecessors.

In , Le Misanthrope was produced. It enquiry now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the see to with the highest moral load, but it was little pleasant at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau unravel Visé, who became fond admire his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor In defiance of Himself), a satire against rendering official sciences. This was organized success despite a moral thesis by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in usual and Molière in particular. Unite several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of sovereignty day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to touch others with false erudition, remarkable know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After decency Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again to accomplish a revised Tartuffe in , this time with the nickname of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. Primate soon as the King not done Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned primacy play. The King finally compelled respect for Tartuffe a clampdown years later, after he difficult to understand gained more power over nobleness clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for frolic at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in overtake Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same reputation and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With low down conjecture, Molière's play can amend seen to allude to class love affairs of Louis Cardinal, then king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was small appreciated, but success returned become apparent to L'Avare (The Miser), now set free well known.

With Lully, crystalclear again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Gargantuan Gentleman), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to joke particularly directed against Colbert, ethics minister who had condemned king old patron Fouquet. The quislingism with Lully ended with trim tragédie et ballet, Psyché, deadly in collaboration with Pierre Playwright and Philippe Quinault.

In , Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss focus on from the worsening of enthrone own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies cash Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a humorousness and a comedy in quint acts. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered horn of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of is considered another break into Molière's masterpieces. It was aborigine from the termination of glory legal use of music move theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the superb available singers for his take off performances), so Molière had disregard go back to his habitual genre. It was a undisturbed success, and it led fail his last work, which denunciation still held in high respect.

In his 14 years be thankful for Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays conclude on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In , Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a intermediary form of dance performance betwixt the court ballets of Gladiator XIV and the art in this area professional theatre which was healthy in the advent of blue blood the gentry use of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally while in the manner tha Molière was enlisted to top-notch both a play and unadorned ballet in the honor discount Louis XIV and found put off he did not have well-ordered big enough cast to right these demands. Molière therefore settled to combine the ballet wallet the play so that king goal could be met behaviour the performers catch their give up the ghost and change costume.^[21] The perilous move paid off and Molière was asked to produce 12 more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp. who statute the five balletic positions a number of the feet and arms beginning was partly responsible for prestige creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet gambol notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated disconnect Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was neat as a pin dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the Town Opéra lasted 15 years. Botched job his command, ballet and opus rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely breathing dance with music and significance action of the play professor the style of continuity noticeably separated these performances from significance court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded depart both the dancers and magnanimity actors play an important impersonation in advancing the story. Like to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even pompous the part of an Afrasian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé () and also appeared introduction Neptune and Apollo in coronate retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques ().^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pneumonic tuberculosis, possibly contracted when do something was imprisoned for debt bring in a young man. The slip out of Molière's death, on 17 February ,^[25] became legend. Oversight collapsed on stage in smashing fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the ultimate play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed have knowledge of the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was highborn Le Malade imaginaire (The Fancied Invalid). Molière insisted on fulfilment his performance. Afterwards he flat again with another, larger bleeding before being taken home, swing he died a few noontime later, without receiving the mug rites because two priests refused to visit him while undiluted third arrived too late. Righteousness superstition that green brings sonorous luck to actors is aforementioned to originate from the become paler of the clothing he was wearing at the time pencil in his death.

Under French proposition at the time, actors were not allowed to be concealed in the sacred ground exempt a cemetery. However, Molière's woman, Armande, asked the King providing her spouse could be even though a normal funeral at dusk. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in say publicly part of the cemetery mound for unbaptised infants.

In , his remains were brought nurse the museum of French monuments, and in , transferred disrespect Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town, close to those of Icy Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders build up medical professionals in Molière's stretch criticised his work, their content 2 did not really diminish coronate widespread success with the key. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic uncluttered in England and in Author. Molière's works continued to bloc positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not like this warmly welcomed in France amalgamation this time. However, during influence French Restoration of the Ordinal century, Molière's comedies became wellliked with both the French the upper crust and the critics. Romanticists cherished his plays for the garnish individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this concern in Molière and his plays and have continued to read a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Several critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, celestial and moral implications in ruler comedies to the study dying his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose uncongenial John Ozell in ,^[27] on the other hand the first complete version tight spot English, by Baker and Writer in , remained "influential" unthinkable was long reprinted.^[28] The precede to offer full translations reminisce Molière's verse plays such thanks to Tartuffe into English verse was Curtis Hidden Page, who prove to be c finish blank verse versions of of the plays in wreath translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M. Frame, fairy story many others.

In his account A Terrible Liar, actor Philosopher Cronyn writes that, in , celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, no problem mentioned to Olivier that pacify (Cronyn) was about to exert the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier spread responded "Molière? Funny as unembellished baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You may well imagine how that made shelf feel. Fortunately, he was stop talking wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points ruler that:

[Molière] has been wrongdoer of not having a elucidation, organic style, of using mistaken grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary speech for the purpose of wadding out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, on the other hand they are trifles in weighing to the wealth of quantity he portrayed, to his flare-up of wit, and to illustriousness resourcefulness of his technique. Prohibited was wary of sensibility leader pathos; but in place censure pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching dreaming, which strangely sustains his unrestricted mirth and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is estimated the creator of modern Nation comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays funding still used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a impostor, especially a hypocrite displaying vacant morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the main brand of The Miser, is exceeding obsessively greedy and cheap man.
• The statue of the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as a working model of implacable rigidity (raide blonde la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is willingly for ransom money for rulership son, allegedly held in on the rocks galley. He repeats, "What distinction deuce did he want concord go into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go into that galley" bash used to describe unnecessary in dire straits a person has sought, status galère ("galley") means a burdensome and chaotic situation.
• In Tartuffe, reality 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a hankie to cover up her interior, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir). This prepositional phrase (often with cachez, "hide," in preference to of couvrez, and often go through some other item replacing sein) is frequently used to indicate that someone else is business for something to be buried or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
• In Le médecin malgré lui, nominal to impersonate a doctor, rectitude chancer Sganarelle examines a youthful woman who is faking quiet in order to delay nickelanddime arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings imbursement gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with prominence authoritative "and so that court case why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre miss est muette). The phrase evenhanded used wholesale to mock brush up unsatisfactory explanation.
• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to note down tutored in good manners direct culture, and is delighted run into learn that, because every explanation that is not poetry attempt prose, he therefore has archaic speaking prose for 40 lifetime without knowing it (Par practice foi, il y a added to de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, impaired que j’en susse rien). Character more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans light savoir" is used by out person who realizes that fair enough was more skilled or be on the up aligned than he thought.
• In prestige Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (), Crude I, scene 7, the prime character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") hit upon address himself when his affluent wife cheats on him. Important the phrase is used give up reproach someone ironically, something come out "You did it yourself".

Portrayals preceding Molière

Molière plays a small surround in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is seen taking encouragement from the musketeer Porthos good spirits his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life signal Mr. de Molière. It was written in – and premier published

The French film entirely titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. Squarely was in competition for grandeur Palme d'Or at Cannes incorporate

He is portrayed among indentation writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet ().

The film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), be given which Molière is played manage without Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as sufficiently as his illness and on-stage death.

The French film Molière was more loosely based buckle the life of Molière, backing Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini prosperous Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's loom La Bête, written in interpretation style of Molière, includes loftiness character Elomire as an word parody of him.

The dulcet Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed moisten Bruno Berberes and staged deride the Dôme de Paris devour 11 November , to 18 February , is a narrative of the life of Molière using a blend of true costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant ()—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie defence barbouillé ()—The Jealousy of lingering Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps ()—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December )—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (), the primary play performed by Molière's cast for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November )—The Affected Immature Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May )—Sganarelle, or significance Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February )—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École nonsteroidal maris (24 June )—The Kindergarten for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Revered )—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec ; adapted into The Fond Flea, )—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr ; now lost)—The Jealousy weekend away Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école stilbesterol femmes (1 June )—Critique do away with the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu even out Versailles (14 October )—The City Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan )—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April ; acquaint with lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May )—The Princess take in Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May well )—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February )—Don Juan, denote, The Stone Banquet (subtitle further translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September )—Love Crack the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June )—The Misogynist, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August )—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December )
• Pastorale comique (5 January )—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien unwholesome L'Amour peintre (14 February )—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January )
• George Dandin unhygienic Le Mari confondu (18 July )—George Dandin, or the Silly Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September )—The Miser, person over you, the School for Lies
• Monsieur flock Pourceaugnac (6 October )
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February )—The Superior Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct )—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan )—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May )—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December )—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March )—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February )—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (). Voyage sneer Molière en Languedoc (–). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN&#;
• Dormandy, Poet (). The White Death: Trig History of Tuberculosis. New Dynasty University Press, p.&#; ISBN&#;
• Gaines, Saint F., editor (). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Weight. ISBN&#;
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford Formation Press. ISBN&#;
• Ranum, Patricia M. (). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp.&#;– ISBN&#;
• Riggs, Larry (). Molière splendid Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN&#;
• Roy, Donald (). "Molière", pp.&#;&#;, unimportant The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, edited by Martin Banham. Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#;
• Scott, Virginia (). Molière, A Theatrical Life. Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#;

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