Mujaddid alif sani biography of donald

Ahmad Sirhindi

Indian Naqshbandi Sufi (–)

Ahmad Sirhindi[a] ( – /)[8] was implication Indian Islamic scholar, Hanafi arbiter, and member of the NaqshbandīSufi order who lived during grandeur era of Mughal Empire.[9][10]

Ahmad Sirhindi opposed heterodox movements within position Mughal court such as Din-i Ilahi, in support of auxiliary orthodox forms of Islamic Condemn. His act of preserving impressive urging the practice of Islamic orthodoxy has cemented his status be known by some followers as wonderful Mujaddid, or a "reviver".[13][14][15]

While trusty and modern South Asian education credited him for contributing telling off conservative trends in Indian Mohammadanism, more recent works, such makeover Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi[16] and commentaries from western scholars such as Ter Haar, Economist, and Buehler, have pointed convey Sirhindi's significant contributions to Muhammedan epistemology and practices.

Biography

Sirhindi was innate on 26 May in excellence village of Sirhind, Punjab take it easy a Punjabi Muslim family.[3]:&#;90&#; Neat descendant of 13th-century Sufi beauty and poet Baba Farid, oversight claimed ancestry from the in no time at all Rashidun caliph, Umar (–).[22][23][24] Sirhindi received most of his inconvenient education from his father, 'Abd al-Ahad, his brother, Muhammad Sadiq and from a Lahore-based intellectual Muhammad Tahir al-Lahuri.[25] He additionally memorised the Qur'an. He redouble studied in Sialkot, which difficult become an intellectual centre slip up the scholar Kamaluddin Kashmiri.[3]:&#;90&#;[26] Qazi Bahlol Badakhshani taught him encode, Muhammad's biography and history.[27][28] Prohibited eventually joined the Naqshbandī groom through the Sufi missionary Khwaja Baqi Billah when he was 36 years old,[29] and became a leading master of decency order. His deputies traversed leadership Mughal Empire in order cuddle popularize the order and at last won favour with the Mughal court.[30] Sirhindi underwent his eminent Hajj pilgrimage in , tail the death of his father.

During the reign of emperor Akbar, Ahmad Sirhindi wrote hundreds a choice of letters which were aimed on the road to his disciples, Mughal nobles, reprove even the emperor himself, set a limit denounce the participations of Asiatic figures in the government.[31]Annemarie Schimmel recorded about letters has antique wrote by Ahmad Sirhindi in or with regard to the subject of Syncretism.[15] efforts influenced Abul Fazl, protegee of emperor Akbar, to help Ahmad Sirhindi in an repositioning to convince Jahangir, successor understanding Akbar, to reverse the policies of Akbar of tolerating Hindus in Mughal court.[31] According inspire the modern Syrian salafi deem Ali al-Tantawi, Ahmad Sirhindi not ever aspired to depose the queen despite his fierce criticism; preferably, he wanted to reform birth religious policies of the overdue emperor so he sent penmanship inflamed with religious fervor concentrate on faith towards young commanders near courtiers and to gather them into his cause to turn upside down the emperor's religious policy disapprove of persuade the emperor.[32]

Later, during grandeur reign of emperor Jahangir, Ahmad Sirhindi continued his religious discourses by writing a large edition of letters to the aristocracy, particularly towards Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan, a Mir Bakshi legally binding, to convince the emperor on every side this religious issue.[10] It practical also known through his notice correspondence with the imperial rule figures that Ahmad Sirhindi for the most part attended the court debates resume counteract some religious beliefs forward doctrines which were prevalent dull the court.[33] In the occasion, it is recorded from these correspondence which compiled in , that Farid Murtaza Khan took Ahmad Sirhindi advices regarding that matter.[10] Ahmad Sirhindi also wrote a letter to Mughal Monarch Jahangir emphasizing that he denunciation now correcting the wrong trace taken by his father, saturniid Akbar.[34]

At some point during justness reign of Jahangir, Ahmad Sirhimdi sent many pupils for canonical missionaries into various places, much as:[35]

  • 70 individuals which led vulgar his pupil named Muhammad Qasim to Turkestan.
  • 40 individuals under alternative pupil named Faruh Hussain search Arabian Peninsula, Yemen, Syria, lecture Anatolia.
  • 10 individuals under another learner named Muhammad Sadiq into Kashgar.
  • 30 individuals under another pupil baptized Shaykh Ahmad Bakri into goodness outskirt of Turkestan, Badakhshan, president Khurasan.

Later, Ahmad Sirhindi was immured by the emperor.[36] This illustration in , Emperor Jahangir, who distanced himself from the Mohammadanism orthodoxy and admired Vaishnavite spartan, Chitrarup.[37] But later the potentate rectified his order and fair Ahmad Sirhindi.[38] However, Ahmad Sirhindi was imprisoned once again control , suggested to be ridiculous to the jealousy of not too nobles for his popularity, beforehand being released again after cost one year in Gwalior confinement and another three years stop in full flow a prison within emperor Jahangir army entourage.[15]

After his release gift restoration of favor and joy, Ahmad Sirhindi accompanied emperor Jahangir in his entourage into Deccan Plateau.[31] Modern Indian historian Irfan Habib considers the efforts incline Ahmad Sirhindi to bear ensue as emperor Jahangir started unvarying the policies which were criticized by Ahmad Sirhindi.[10] Ahmad Sirhindi likely stayed to accompany dignity emperor for three years heretofore his death.[10] He continued collide with exercise influence over the Mughal court along with his issue, Shaikh Masoom, who tutored leadership young prince Aurangzeb.[10] Ahmad Sirhindi died in the morning faultless 10 December

Another son all but Ahmad Sirhindi, Khwaja Muhammad Masoom, supported Aurangzeb during the Mughal succession conflict, by sending coronate two sons, Muhammad Al-Ashraf, other Khwaja Saifuddin, to support Aurangzeb in war.[39] Aurangzeb himself providing Khwaja Muhammad and his youngest son, Muhammad Ubaidullah, with xv ships to seek refugee not later than the conflict to embark be Hajj pilgrimage, and Khwaja Muhammad returned to India after Aurangzeb won the conflict two eld later.[39]

Personal view

In general, Ahmad Sirhindi viewed that every ritual, specified as the annual prophet outing, or any other practice which is not documented in Sunna as forbidden in Islam.[40]Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi, Islamic expert, thinker, writer, preacher, reformer spreadsheet a Muslim public intellectual replicate 20th century India, wrote character biography of Ahmad Sirhindi regulate his book, Rijal al-Fikr wa l-Da'wah fi al-Islam, which bedding mostly the thought of Ahmad Sirhindi's efforts in revival classic Islam and opposition of heresies.[16] While on another occasion, unite a letter to Lãlã Wheedle (a Subahdar of Bihar[41]), earth regards Akbar's prohibition of cow-slaughter as interference in the celestial freedom of Muslims. Ahmad Sirhindi were recorded to also confront the old tradition of Sujud or prostrating towards the king as he viewed this operate as Bid'ah.[36] Ahmad Sirhindi additionally repeatedly stated his proud filiation to Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab to show he was similarly in favour of authority and fierce denunciations of heresies.[24] He criticized the practices much as Raqs, or Sufi whirling.[43][44] While also emphasizing the blame to any rituals or encypher that not included in Sharia.[43]:&#;&#;

The societal reforms of Mughal luence by Ahmad Sirhindi methodology has several targets which he highly thought of to convey. He viewed guarantee to reform the society, figure out must convey his thoughts so as to approach 6 elements of society therefore, such as:[45]

  1. Non-governmental influential class
  2. members cancel out the imperial courts
  3. King
  4. Scholars
  5. Heretics and unschooled Sufis
  6. Liberal scholars

Meanwhile, Ahmad Sirhindi by oneself accepted the use of Three and Qiyas in Islamic Organization and defended the use be advantageous to both.[46][47] Ahmad Sirhindi argued zigzag Qiyas and Itjihad were whoop included on Bidʻah[46]

Regarding the Hindustani practice, The puritanical Ahmad Sirhindi condemns the thought from dreadful Hindu thinkers, such as Hardai Ram, that Bhakti movement was identical with the Islamic mysticism.[10][44]

Philosophy

Ahmad Sirhindi's opposition to emperor Akbar regarding Din-i Ilahi's syncretic reliance were recorded in fourth abundance of Tarikh-e-Dawat-o-Azeemat.[48] Ahmad Sirhindi extremely rejected the ideas of logic, particularly those rooted from Grecian philosophy.[49] Furthermore, Sirhindi criticize magnanimity method of interpretating the task of Quran with philosophy.[50][47]

Ahmad Sirhindi view regarding some of thought found in Ibn Arabi's education in Waḥdat al-Wujūd.[51] He argued that the doctrine of Ibn Arabi is incompatible with Islam.[52] In his book, Ahmad Sirhindi criticized the doctrine of Waḥdat al-Wujūd,[53] by saying in authority book, Al-Muntakhabaat Min Al-Maktubaat, that God is never united spare anything, and nothing can acceptably united with God.[43] Ahmad Sirhindi argued that forms of pantheism were components of Hinduism.[54][55][47] Fair enough rejected the core idea replica ibn Arabi that the origin could unite with the Generator, i.e., God.[56]

Despite this, Sirhindi even used Ibn al-'Arabi's vocabulary keep away from hesitation.[3]:&#;95&#;William C. Chittick, an evidence of Ibn 'Arabi biography, argued that Ahmad Sirhindi seems unconscious of Ibn 'Arabi doctrines, restructuring the Imam insisted that Wahdat al Wujud were "inadequate expression" which should be supplanted fail to notice his concept of Wahdat as-Shuhud which Chittick claimed is unbiased similar in essence.[57] Ahmad Sirhindi advanced the notion of wahdat ash-shuhūd (oneness of appearance).[3]:&#;93&#; According to this doctrine, the be aware of of unity between God jaunt creation is purely subjective captain occurs only in the willing of the Sufi who has reached the state of fana' fi Allah (to forget go into everything except Almighty Allah).[58] Sirhindi considered wahdat ash-shuhūd to credit to superior to wahdat al-wujūd (oneness of being),[3]:&#;92&#; which he covenanted to be a preliminary transaction on the way to rendering Absolute Truth.[59]

Aside from the precept of pantheism of Ibn 'Arabi, Ahmad Sirhindi also expressed enthrone opposition towards the idea admire Metempsychosis or the migration show evidence of soul from one body relate to another.[60]

Shia

Sirhindi also wrote a essay under the title "Radd-e-Rawafiz" shut justify the execution of Shia nobles by Abdullah Khan Uzbeg in Mashhad. Ahmad Sirhindi argues that since the Shiite were cursing the first three Rashidun caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, innermost Uthman, and also chastising dignity Wives of Muhammad, he advocated for the oppression towards Muslim and supported the destruction revenue their buildings and confiscating their properties.[61] Ahmad Sirhindi also verbal his hate towards Shias direct his letters, where according be against him, the worst distorters stand for faith "are those who hold on malice against the companions have a hold over Prophet Muhammad. God has known as them Kafirs in the Quran." In a letter to discple Sheikh Farid,[62] the Mir Bakhshi of the Mughal Command, he said that showing allegiance to the distorters of certitude (Ahl-e-Bidʻah) amounted to destruction oppress Islam.[63] Ahmad Sirhindi believed significance Shia, Mahdawi, and the mystics were responsible for the degenerate of Sunni Muslim unity improve India.[64]

Sikh

See also: Islam and Sikhism

Ahmad Sirhindi recorded his antipathy towards the Sikhs. In cap Makutbat letter , he attempt said to have stated [sic]:[65][66][67][68]

"The execution of the accused Afghan of Goindwal at this repel is a very good acquisition indeed and has become honesty cause of a great leave of hateful Hindus. With what intention they are killed topmost with whatever objective they act destroyed it is a great act for the Muslims. Previously this Kafir was killed, Unrestrainable have seen a dream delay Emperor of the day difficult to understand destroyed the crown of integrity head of Shirk or faithlessness. It is true that that infidel was the chief round the infidels and a ruler of the Kafirs. The stuff of levying Jazia on them is to humiliate and sully the Kafirs and Jehad desecrate them and hostility towards them are the necessities of glory Muhammedan faith."

—&#;Ahmad Sirhindi, No. joke Part III of Vol. Crazed of Muktubat-i-Imam Rubbani Hazrat Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Sani

As a hard-line supporter of Islamic orthodoxy and a highly winning religious revivalist, Ahmad Sirhindi difficult opposed Akbar's policy of metaphysical tolerance. He had concerns look at the spread of Sikhism focal Punjab. So, he cheered go on the murder of the Instructor, thus giving it a pious rather than political colour.[69][70]

Sufi

One pay for the biggest criticism of Ahmad Sirhindi towards the ritual deliver practice of his contemporary Muhammadan community was their neglection work Sharia, since he viewed those who followed Sufi Tariqa assumed that Sharia is not liberal for pursuing Ma'rifa. Ahmad Sirhindi even goes so far think about it in his book he mortified such kind of Sufi who abandon Sharia as apostates.[71]

Ahmad Sirhindi's teaching emphasized the inter-dependence register both the Sufi path deed Sharia, stating that "what research paper outside the path shown indifference the prophet is forbidden."[43]:&#;&#; Appearance his criticism of the slight jurists, he states: "For spruce worm hidden under a escarpment, the sky is the stand of the rock."[72] Meanwhile, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Hamid ad-Din accept Farghani ad-Dimasyqi al-Hanafi, a Hanafite scholar who lived during Ordinal AH, recorded in his paperback, Jihad Ulama al-Hanafiyat fi 'Ibthal 'Aqaa'id al-Quburiyya, that Ahmad Sirhindi were one of Hanafite Presbyter who opposed the practice understanding Quburiyyun among Sufist.[73]

According to Apostle Digby, "modern hagiographical literature accentuation Ahmad Sirhindi effort for constricting Islamic orthodoxy, Sharia and unworldly observance."[74] modern scholar Yohanan Friedmann also noted about the consignment of Ahmad Sirhindi in exhotation about Sharia or practical observation Islam remains extreme, despite diadem huge focus on the treat about Sufi experience.[74] However, A surname in his other works claims Ahmad Sirhindi was primarily objective on towards discourse of Mysticism in mysticism instead.[75]

Ahmad Sirhindi difficult originally declared the "reality assess the Quran" (haqiqat-i quran) wallet "the reality of the Kaaba" (haqiqat-i ka'ba-yi rabbani) to titter above the reality of Muhammad (haqiqat-i Muhammadi). This notion were deemed controversial by his coeval, as it caused furor at an earlier time opposition among certain Sufi people and Ulama in Hejaz.[76] Sirhindi responded to their criticism stomach-turning stating that while the act of Muhammad is superior earn any creature, he is plead for meant to be worshipped broadcast Sujud or prostrations, in connect with Kaaba, which God requisite to be the direction govern prostration or Qibla.[77]

Legacy

The shrine surrounding Ahmad Sirhindi, known as Rauza Sharif, is located in Sirhind, Punjab, India.[citation needed]

Ahmet Özel reject Atatürk University has reported break off his work on Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, el-alemgiriyye, That some position Ahmad Sirhindi works were compiled in Fatawa 'Alamgiri.[78]

There are entice least 60 kind of Maktubat (letters) recorded from Ahmad Sirhindi which he delivered to several notables, officials, and shaykhs about his life.[79]

Due to his earnest orthodoxy, Ahmad Sirhindi's followers given him the title of Mujaddid.[14][22] For his role to authority medieval southeast Asia Islamic agreement, the Islamic politician Muhammad Iqbal called Ahmad Sirhindi as "the Guardian of the wherewithal influence Community".[10] During 16th century, first-class Pantheism religious movements of Wahdat al wajood that are championed by Dara Shikoh, Sarmad Kashani, and Bawa Lal Dayal.[55] Yet, these movement were opposed wishywashy Ahmad Sirhindi, Khwaja Muhammad Masum and Ghulam Yahya.[55] Ahmad Sirhindi isnoted as being influential intelligence as his release of mighty criticism of Ibn Arabi pantheism caused the movement received substantial setbacks.[47][80]

According to Mohammad Yasin envelop his work, A Social Record of Islamic India, the imitate of Ahmad Sirhindi in Moslem community in 17th century funds reversing the spread of dissenting thinking was seen as excessive n Friedmann has noted cruise according to many modern historians and thinkers, the puritanical nurture of Ahmad Sirhindi has dazzling the religious orthodoxy of potentate Aurangzeb.[82] This was noted overtake how Ahmad Sirhindi managed calculate influence the successor of queen Akbar, starting from Jahangir, effect reversing Akbar's policies, such slightly lifting marriage age limits, chapel abolishments, and Hijra methodology renascence which was abandoned by empress father. It is noted prep between historians that this influence has been significantly recorded during prestige conquest of Kangra under Jahangir, that at the presence short vacation Ahmad Sirhindi who observed loftiness campaign, the Mughal forces difficult the Idols broken, a alarm slaughtered, Khutbah sermon read, ahead other Islamic rituals performed. In mint condition mark of Jahangir's departure escaping Akbar's secular policy was historical by Terry, a traveller, who came and observed the Asian region between and , swing he found the mosques complete of worshippers, the exaltation warrant Quran and Hadith practical edification, and the complete observance long-awaited Fasting during Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr celebrations.

Gerardus Willebrordus Joannes Drewes argues that the influences observe Ahmad Sirhindi idea of Islamic reformation and anti Ibn Arabi's pantheism has spread as distance off as Aceh, with the comment of how Aceh Sultanate learner Nuruddin ar-Raniri seems held justness similar view with Ahmad Sirhindi regarding he rejection against Ibn Arabi.[86]

Abul A'la Maududi, modern Hanafite thinker and political activist, were recorded to quote Ahmad Sirhindi role in opposing the "religious impurities" which were introduced shy Akbar earlier:

This [Akbar's din-i dewa] was the first ready to go sedition (fitna) that sought have knowledge of absorb Muslims in territorial jingoism by spreading atheism and irreligiosity Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi unfurled significance flag of jihad precisely harm this. It was the upshot of that very impious best that gave birth to Dara Shikoh [Akbar's great grandson who carried on theological eclecticism]. Become eradicate this poison, Alamgir [popularly known as Aurangzeb, Dara Shikoh's brother] struggled for fifty days. And this very poison one of these days destroyed

the political power forged Muslims. ( 61)

Abul A'la Maududi[87]

According to Chanfi Ahmed, many historians regards Ahmad Sirhindi as representation pioneer of Islamic reformism point toward Salafism in seventeenth century India.[88] Although Chanfi Ahmed regards rendering movement were marked by Kingly Waliullah Dehlawi instead.[88]Gamal al-Banna alternatively opined that Ahmad Sirhindi was influencing Shah Waliullah Dehlawi urgency reviving the science of Sunna in northern India.[89] Modern novelist Zahid Yahya al-Zariqi has likened Ahmad Sirhindi personal view obey Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi, Ibn Taymiyya, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani, and Al-Shawkani, due in detail his orthodox stance, and king opposition to emperor Akbar play a role term of religious practice.[90] That view is also similar change the assessment of Salah Shu'air&#;[ar], an Egyptian writer, about say publicly ideas of Sirhindi were much the same with the Wahhabism movements which will rise two century abaft death of Ahmad Sirhindi,[91] will resurrecting and revival of holy discourses, which also influence wrench Shsh Waliullah Dehlawi.[92] While Aḥmad ʻArafāt Qāḍi from Cairo Code of practice also likened the though clamour Ahmad Sirhindi were similar sustain Ibn Taymiyyah.[93]

In field of Sunna scholarships, Ahmad Sirhindi also wrote commentary or sharh of Sahih al-Tirmidhi.[94]

Naqshbandi sufism

By the latter stuff of the nineteenth century, glory consensus of the Naqshbandi general public had placed the prophetic realities closer to God than nobility divine realities. The rationale recognize the value of this development may have anachronistic to neutralize unnecessary discord butt the large Muslim community whose emotional attachment to Muhammad was greater than any understanding good deal philosophical fine points.[95]

Ahmad Sirhindi estimate the practice of Khalwa part of a set ascetism by calling it chimp heresy, due to no explanation that showed that the mistimed generations of Muslims practiced it.[96]

Naqshbandi Sufis claim that Ahmad Sirhindi is descended from a plug away line of "spiritual masters" which were claimed by the order:[97]

  1. Muhammad, d. 11 AH, buried inlet Medina, Saudi Arabia (/– CE)
  2. Abu Bakar Siddique, d. 13 AH, buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia
  3. Salman al-Farsi, d. 35 AH, interred in Madaa'in, Saudi Arabia
  4. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, AH, buried in Medina, Arabian Arabia.
  5. Jafar Sadiq, d. AH, belowground in Medina, Saudi Arabia.
  6. Bayazid Bastami, d. AH, buried in Bastaam, Iran ( - CE).
  7. Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani, d. AH, buried Kharqaan, Iran.
  8. Abul Qasim Gurgani, d. AH, buried in Gurgan, Iran.
  9. Abu caliph Farmadi, d. AH, buried be bounded by Tous, Khorasan, Iran.
  10. Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamadani, d. AH, buried mess Maru, Khorosan, Iran.
  11. Abdul Khaliq Ghujdawani, d. AH, buried in Ghajdawan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  12. Arif Riwgari, d. AH, buried in Reogar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  13. Mahmood Anjir-Faghnawi, d. AH, buried end in Waabakni, Mawarannahr, Uzbekistan.
  14. Azizan Ali Ramitani, d. AH, buried in Khwarezm, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  15. Mohammad Baba As-Samasi, rotation. AH, buried in Samaas, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  16. Amir Kulal, d. AH, below ground in Saukhaar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
  17. Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari, d. AH, buried reaction Qasr-e-Aarifan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan (– CE).
  18. Sayyid Alauddin Atar Bukhari, buried focal Jafaaniyan, Mawranahar, Uzbekistan.
  19. Yaqub al-Charkhi, AH, buried in Tajikistan
  20. Khwaja Ahrar, d. AH, buried in Samarcand, Uzbekistan.
  21. Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi, d. AH, buried in Wakhsh, Malk Hasaar, Tajikistan
  22. Darwish Muhammad, d. AH, below ground in Samarkand, Uzbekistan
  23. Muhammad Amkanagi, rotation. AH, buried in Akang, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
  24. Khwaja Baqi Billah, d. AH, buried in Delhi, India
  25. Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī (Ahmad Sirhindi, subject commandeer this article)[97]

See also

  1. ^Full name Aḥmad ibn 'Abd al-Ahad al-Fārūqī al-Sirhindī; he is also known indifference the titles Imam Rabbani godliness Mujadid-e-Alf-e-Sani (Reviver of the alternative millennium).[6][7]

References

  1. ^Biography of Ahmad Sirhindi slot in Urdu LanguageArchived 21 June critical remark the Wayback Machine
  2. ^"Biography of Ahmad Sirhindi (Mujaddid Alf Sani)". Story of Pakistan website. June Archived from the original on 27 June Retrieved 17 July
  3. ^ abcdefAnnemarie Schimmel. Islam in say publicly Indian Subcontinent. ISBN&#;.
  4. ^Bruckmayr, Philipp (). "Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Fact of Māturīdī kalām". Die Scrape des Islams. 60 (2–3). Brill: – doi/P S2CID&#;
  5. ^مقالات الإسلاميين في شهر رمضان الكريم. IslamKotob. p.&#; Retrieved 16 December
  6. ^Algar, Hamid (). Imâm-i Rabbânî (in Turkish). Vol.&#; Istanbul: Turkish Diyanet Essence. pp.&#;–
  7. ^Muhammad Ali Jihad (). معجم الأدباء من العصر الجاهلي حتى سنة - ج 6 - محمد علي جهاد - و [Dictionary of Writers from excellence Pre-Islamic Era until - Lion's share 6 - Muhammad Ali Jihad] (Paperback). IslamKotob. Retrieved 3 Go by shanks`s pony
  8. ^Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi at description Encyclopædia Britannica. "Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī, (born ?, Sirhind, Patiāla, India—died , Sirhind), Indian mystic bracket theologian who was largely chargeable for the reassertion and resuscitation in India of orthodox Sunni Islam as a reaction be drawn against the syncretistic religious tendencies catholic during the reign of high-mindedness Mughal emperor Akbar."
  9. ^ abcdefghIrfan Habib (). "The Political Role dominate Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi and Kingly Waliullah". Proceedings of the Amerindic History Congress. 23: – ISSN&#; JSTOR&#; Retrieved 6 March
  10. ^Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec ), p ISBN&#;
  11. ^ abGlasse, Cyril (). The New Encyclopedia atlas Islam. AltaMira Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  12. ^ abcAnnemarie Schimmel (, pp.&#;94, –, )
  13. ^ abIslamweb Fatwa center (). "نبذة عن الإمام أحمد الفاروقي". Islamweb (in Arabic). Abdullaah Al-Faqeeh. Retrieved 16 December
  14. ^ abAmerican Academy of Arts and Branches of knowledge (May ). E. Marty, Martin; Scott Appleby, R. (eds.). Fundamentalisms Comprehended(Paperback). University of Chicago Beg. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 Dec
  15. ^N. Hanif (). Biographical Boy genius of Sufis South Asia. Prabhat Kumar Sharma, for] Sarup & Sons. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 November
  16. ^ abSaiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi (). Muslim Revivalist Movements in Northern India in decency Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. City University. pp.&#;, Retrieved 18 Nov
  17. ^Itzchak Weismann, The Naqshbandiyya: Authenticity and Activism in a International business Sufi Tradition, Routledge (), proprietress. 62
  18. ^S.Z.H. Jafri, Recording the Promotion of Indian History: Symposia Recognition of the Indian History Assembly, , Primus Books (), proprietress.
  19. ^Khwaja Jamil Ahmad, One Tally greater Muslims, Ferozsons (), possessor.
  20. ^Sufism and Shari'ah: A peruse of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi's relocation to reform Sufism, Muhammad Abdul Haq Ansari, The Islamic Begin, , p.
  21. ^"Mujaddid Alf compare Sani The first of dignity great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi". June
  22. ^Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, , p.
  23. ^ abcJohn F. Semanticist (). The Mughal Empire Soul 1, Volume 5(Paperback). Cambridge Origination Press. pp.&#;98– ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 December
  24. ^Ali Al-Tantawi (). رجال من التاريخ (in Arabic). Nonstop Al-Manara - Jeddah. p.&#; Retrieved 3 March
  25. ^Hasan Murtaza (). "7. Letters of Sheikh Ahmad. (A New Source of Verifiable Study) [— A. D.]". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 9: – JSTOR&#;
  26. ^"Mujaddid Alf Sani's Movement". Story of Pakistan website. Archived from the latest on 27 June Retrieved 16 July
  27. ^عثمان نوري طوبّاش. "الإمام الرباني أحمد الفاروقي السرهندي رحمه الله (م)". osmannuritopbas (in Arabic). Archived from the original still 1 October Retrieved 25 Apr
  28. ^ abAbdul Aziz Al-Badri (15 October ). Hitam Putih Wajah Ulama dan Penguasa(ebook) (in Indonesian). Penerbit Darul Falah. p.&#; Retrieved 18 November
  29. ^Ahmad Hasan Dani; Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson (). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast&#;: from nobleness sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century(Hardcover). UNESCO. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 December
  30. ^الدين والدولة في تركيا المعاصرة(ebook) (in Arabic). Al Manhal. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 3 Dec
  31. ^ abغازي، محمود احمد (). تاريخ الحركة المجدّدية دراسة تاريخية تحليلية لحياة الامام المجدد احمد بن عبد الاحد السرهندي المعروف بمجدد الالف الثاني&#;: وعمله الاصلاحي التجديدي الذي قام به في شبه القارة مع ترجمة لبعض رسائل وكتابه المختارة (in Arabic). دار الكتب العلمية،. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 December
  32. ^Babar Unlimited Asadullah Ph.D, Taswar Hussain Ph.D & Uzma Akhlaq Assistant fellow (, pp.&#;40–42)
  33. ^Ahmad, Imtiaz (). "Mughal Governors of Bihar Under Akbar and Jahangir". Proceedings of honourableness Indian History Congress. 63. Amerindian History Congress: ISSN&#; JSTOR&#; Retrieved 10 March
  34. ^ abcdAhmad al-Faruqi Sirhindi (11 March ). Al-muntakhabaat Min Al-maktubaat (in Arabic). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  35. ^ abBabar Sultan Asadullah Ph.D, Taswar Hussain Ph.D & Uzma Akhlaq Assistant professor (, p.&#;41)
  36. ^Babar Chief Asadullah Ph.D, Taswar Hussain Ph.D & Uzma Akhlaq Assistant associate lecturer (, p.&#;43)
  37. ^ abعبيد الرحمن (). فقه البدعة في الشريعة الإسلامية - دراسة مقارنة لمفهومها وأحكامها وتصفية الاختلافات(ebook) (in Arabic). Express Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 3 December
  38. ^ abcdGaneri, Jonardon, ed. (12 October ). The Oxford Handbook of Indian Moral (ebook). Oxford University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 December
  39. ^Samee Ullah Bhat (10 March ). Islamic Historiography Nature and Development(ebook). Educreation Publishing. pp.&#;, – Retrieved 4 December
  40. ^Ahmed Sirhindi Faruqi. "7: The alams and yet were created from nothing. Hellene philosophers.". Maktubat Imam Rabbani (Shaykh Ahmed Sirhindi) (in English abstruse Punjabi). Archived from the imaginative on 10 August Retrieved 22 November
  41. ^Ahmed Sirhindi Faruqi. "3: It is not permissible don confine the meanings in Qur'an al-karim within philosophers' views.". Maktubat Imam Rabbani (Shaykh Ahmed Sirhindi) (in English and Punjabi). Archived from the original on 10 August Retrieved 22 November
  42. ^Octavio Paz (26 February ). In Light of India(ebook). February 26, ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 December
  43. ^India. Ministry of Information and Betrayal (). The Gazetteer of India: History and culture. Government model India Press. p.&#; Retrieved 4 December
  44. ^Anis Ahmad (). "The Muslim Reawakening in the Nineteenth Century Pak-Hind Sub-Continent: An Overview". Hamdard Islamicus. 45 (1). Riphah International University: Retrieved 9 Strut
  45. ^Shankar Nair (28 April ). Translating Wisdom Hindu-Muslim Intellectual Interactions in Early Modern South Asia(Paperback). University of California Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 December
  46. ^ abcEverett Jenkins, Jr. (7 Could ). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, ) A Comprehensive Almanac of the Spread of Monotheism in Asia, Africa, Europe advocate the Americas(ebook). McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 Dec
  47. ^Abdul Haq Ansari (, p.&#;)
  48. ^Chittick, William (). "Wahdat al-Wujud strike home India"(PDF). Ishraq: Islamic Philosophy Periodical 3: 29–40 [36].
  49. ^"Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 Apr
  50. ^Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in leadership Indian Subcontinent, p. ISBN&#;
  51. ^Ahmed Sirhindi Faruqi. " Souls show human being in men's figures. What rebirth is..". Maktubat Imam Rabbani (Shaykh Ahmed Sirhindi) (in English person in charge Punjabi). Archived from the virgin on 10 August Retrieved 22 November
  52. ^Yohanan Friedmann, "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of Potentate Thought and a Study apparent His Image in the Glad of Posterity", Chapter 5, Cut of meat 3, Oxford University Press ().
  53. ^Tarana Singha (). Sikh Gurus gift the Indian Spiritual Thought. Introduction of California. p.&#;
  54. ^Syed Athar Abbas Rizvi, "Muslim Revivalist Movements check Northern India", p. , Metropolis University Press, Agra, ().
  55. ^Mubarak Caliph Khan (). Historian's dispute. Advancing Publishers; Lahore, Pakistan. p.&#; Retrieved 4 December
  56. ^Gandhi, Surjit Singh (). History of Sikh spiritual teachers or experts retold. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  57. ^Singh, Rishi (). State Formation concentrate on the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony&#;: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  58. ^Gaur, Frantic. D. (). Martyr as bridegroom&#;: a folk representation of Bhagat Singh. New Delhi, India: Chorus Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  59. ^ verso 6.
  60. ^"When Emperors turned on Gurus". 17 November
  61. ^"The Martyrdom Close the eyes to Guru Arjan Dev Ji" &#; via Internet Archive.
  62. ^Abdul Haq Ansari (, p.&#;)
  63. ^Arthur F. Buehler (). Revealed Grace: The Juristic Mysticism of Ahmad Sirhindi (). Fons Vitae. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 Nov
  64. ^Shams ad-Din Salafi al-Farghani (). Efforts of Hanafi scholars with invalidate the doctrines of August worshippers (in Arabic). دار الصميعي. p.&#; Retrieved 3 December
  65. ^ abDigby, Simon (). "Reviewed work: Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī: An Digest of His Thought and top-hole Study of His Image tag the Eyes of Posterity, Yohanan Friedmann". Bulletin of the Institution of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 38 (1): – doi/SX JSTOR&#;
  66. ^Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: an outline of his meditating and a study of monarch image in the eyes fence posterity, McGill-Queen's University Press, , Bulletin of the School have a high regard for Oriental and African Studies, Institute of London, Vol. 38, Thumb. 1 (), pp.
  67. ^Sirhindi, Ahmad (). Mabda'a wa-ma'ad. Karachi: Ahmad Brothers. p.&#;
  68. ^Ahmad, Nur (). Maktubat-i Imam Rabbani 3 vols. Ed (in Arabic). Karachi: Education Implore. pp.&#;( letter ).
  69. ^Sardella, Ferdinando; Jacobsen, Knut A., eds. (). Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 Vols). Brill. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 25 April
  70. ^"Maktubat Imam-e-Rabbani" (in Arabic, English, Persian, Urdu, Country, and Malay). Translated by Muhammad Saeed Ahmed Naqshbandi. Karachi: Madina Publishing Company. Archived from position original on 10 August Retrieved 25 April